Socio-Epidemiological Features and Spatial Distribution of Malaria in an Area under Mining Activity in the Brazilian Amazon Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Delineation
2.2. Inclusion Criteria and Ethical Considerations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Spatial Distribution Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | % | p-Value * | Positive Malaria | % | Negative Malaria | % | p-Value ** Positive vs. Negative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 528 | 58.15 | <0.001 | 211 | 67.85 | 317 | 53.10 | <0.001 |
Female | 380 | 41.85 | 100 | 32.15 | 280 | 46.90 | ||
Age group | ||||||||
<=20 | 81 | 8.92 | <0.001 | 33 | 10.61 | 48 | 8.04 | 0.432 |
21–30 | 289 | 31.83 | 116 | 37.30 | 173 | 28.98 | 0.132 | |
31–40 | 241 | 26.54 | 78 | 25.08 | 163 | 27.30 | 0.217 | |
41–50 | 156 | 17.18 | 53 | 17.04 | 103 | 17.25 | 0.899 | |
>=51 | 141 | 15.53 | 31 | 9.97 | 110 | 18.43 | 0.012 | |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 535 | 58.92 | <0.001 | 165 | 53.05 | 370 | 61.98 | 0.117 |
Separate | 51 | 5.62 | 15 | 4.82 | 36 | 6.03 | 0.500 | |
Single | 310 | 34.14 | 130 | 41.80 | 180 | 30.15 | 0.006 | |
Widower | 12 | 1.32 | 1 | 0.32 | 11 | 1.84 | 0.827 | |
Race | ||||||||
Brown | 689 | 75.89 | 243 | 78.14 | 446 | 74.71 | 0.873 | |
Black | 113 | 12.44 | <0.001 | 35 | 11.25 | 78 | 13.07 | 0.973 |
White | 105 | 11.56 | 33 | 10.61 | 72 | 12.06 | 0.901 | |
Indigenous | 1 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.464 | |
Salary # range | ||||||||
<1 salary | 114 | 12.56 | 21 | 6.75 | 93 | 15.58 | <0.002 | |
1–3 salaries | 344 | 37.89 | <0.001 | 116 | 37.30 | 228 | 38.19 | 0.487 |
4–6 salaries | 70 | 7.71 | 62 | 19.94 | 8 | 1.34 | <0.001 | |
>6 salaries | 47 | 5.18 | 25 | 8.04 | 22 | 3.69 | 0.008 | |
uninformed | 333 | 36.67 | 87 | 27.97 | 246 | 41.21 | <0.001 | |
Schooling | ||||||||
Illiterate | 23 | 2.53 | 6 | 1.93 | 17 | 2.85 | 0.397 | |
ES incomplete | 469 | 51.65 | 164 | 52.73 | 305 | 51.09 | 0.887 | |
ES Complete | 86 | 9.47 | <0.001 | 35 | 11.25 | 51 | 8.54 | 0.283 |
HS Incomplete | 123 | 13.55 | 45 | 14.47 | 78 | 13.07 | 0.280 | |
HS Complete | 173 | 19.05 | 56 | 18.01 | 117 | 19.60 | 0.238 | |
HE Incomplete | 23 | 2.53 | 2 | 0.64 | 21 | 3.52 | 0.087 | |
HE Complete | 11 | 1.21 | 3 | 0.96 | 8 | 1.34 | 0.634 | |
Occupation | ||||||||
Farmer | 33 | 3.63 | 3 | 0.96 | 30 | 5.03 | 0.014 | |
Autonomous | 147 | 16.19 | 27 | 8.68 | 120 | 20.10 | <0.001 | |
Cook | 274 | 30.18 | <0.001 | 76 | 24.44 | 198 | 33.17 | 0.082 |
Gold miner | 389 | 42.84 | 192 | 61.74 | 197 | 33.00 | <0.001 | |
Sex professional | 16 | 1.76 | 5 | 1.61 | 11 | 1.84 | 0.916 | |
Health professional | 20 | 2.20 | 3 | 0.96 | 17 | 2.85 | 0.917 | |
Other | 29 | 3.19 | 5 | 1.61 | 24 | 4.02 | 0.644 | |
Origin | ||||||||
Pará | 857 | 94.39 | 281 | 90.35 | 576 | 96.48 | <0.003 | |
Maranhão | 26 | 2.86 | 14 | 4.50 | 12 | 2.01 | 0.540 | |
Amazonas | 6 | 0.66 | 5 | 1.61 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.408 | |
Mato Grosso | 6 | 0.66 | 3 | 0.96 | 3 | 0.50 | 0.051 | |
Roraima | 4 | 0.44 | 4 | 1.29 | 0 | 0 | 0.264 | |
Amapá | 2 | 0.22 | <0.001 | 2 | 0.64 | 0 | 0 | 0.388 |
Goiás | 2 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.34 | 0.769 | |
Distrito Federal | 1 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.464 | |
Minas Gerais | 1 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.464 | |
Rondônia | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.32 | 0 | 0 | 0.464 | |
Suriname | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.32 | 0 | 0 | 0.464 | |
Venezuela | 1 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.464 |
Variables | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. for OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Gold miner | <0.001 | 4.387 | 2.744 | 7.012 |
>4 salaries | <0.001 | 1.950 | 1.301 | 2.922 |
2–3 salaries | <0.000 | 1.928 | 1.355 | 2.745 |
≤1 salary | 0.353 | 0.772 | 0.446 | 1.334 |
Male | 0.010 | 0.534 | 0.331 | 0.859 |
N (Total) | % | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Etiological agent | ||||||
P. vivax | 281 | 90.35 | ||||
P. falciparum | 24 | 7.72 | <0.001 | |||
P. vivax + P. falciparum | 6 | 1.93 | ||||
Qualitative parasitemia (# of crosses) | ||||||
P. vivax | P. falciparum | P. vivax + P. falciparum | ||||
<0.5 | 36 | 5 | 0 | 41 | 13.18 | |
0.5 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 4.50 | |
1 | 27 | 2 | 0 | 29 | 9.32 | |
2 | 184 | 12 | 1 | 197 | 63.34 | |
3 | 23 | 2 | 0 | 25 | 8.04 | |
4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.32 | |
2v–1f | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.32 | <0.001 |
1v–0.5f | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.32 | |
2v–0.5f | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.32 | |
0.5v–2f | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.32 | |
Quantitative parasitemia | ||||||
<200 | 41 | 13.18 | ||||
200–300 | 14 | 4.50 | ||||
301–500 | 29 | 9.32 | ||||
501–10,000 | 197 | 63.34 | <0.001 | |||
10,001–100,000 | 26 | 8.36 | ||||
>100,000 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
500v–250f | 1 | 0.32 | ||||
300v–10,000f | 1 | 0.32 | ||||
5.000v–400f | 1 | 0.32 | ||||
10.000v–250f | 1 | 0.32 | ||||
Syphilis rapid test | ||||||
Positive | 41 | 13.18 | <0.001 | |||
Negative | 270 | 86.82 | ||||
Syphilis VDRL | ||||||
Positive | 29 | 9.32 | ||||
Negative | 173 | 55.63 | <0.001 | |||
Unrealized | 109 | 35.05 | ||||
STIs in the last 12 Months | <0.001 | |||||
Yes | 25 | 8.04 | ||||
No | 286 | 91.96 | ||||
How you treated | ||||||
Self-medication | 9 | 36.00 | 0.3263 | |||
Did not treat | 11 | 44.00 | ||||
Health service | 5 | 20.00 | ||||
Tested for HIV | ||||||
Yes | 146 | 46.95 | 0.3074 | |||
No | 165 | 53.05 | ||||
Positive serum confirmation | ||||||
Yes | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
No | 142 | 97.26 | <0.001 | |||
Uninformed | 4 | 2.74 |
Variables | N (Total) | % | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Use of drugs in the last 12 months (licit and illicit) | |||
Yes | 243 | 78.14 | <0.001 |
No | 68 | 21.86 | |
Type of drug | |||
Alcohol | 230 | 94.65 | |
Cigarettes (smoking) | 69 | 28.4 | |
Marijuana/Weed | 33 | 13.58 | <0.001 |
Aspirated Cocaine | 11 | 4.53 | |
Crack | 6 | 2.47 | |
Frequency of use of licit drugs | |||
Once a month | 38 | 12.22 | |
Twice a month | 2 | 0.64 | |
Once a week | 41 | 13.18 | |
Twice a week | 97 | 31.19 | <0.001 |
3 times a week | 1 | 0.32 | |
Every day | 59 | 18.97 | |
None reported | 73 | 23.47 | |
Frequency of use of illicit drug | |||
Once a month | 8 | 2.57 | |
Twice a month | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
Once a week | 10 | 3.22 | |
Twice a week | 14 | 4.5 | |
3 times a week | 1 | 0.32 | |
Every day | 11 | 3.54 | |
None reported | 267 | 85.85 | |
Partner types | |||
Man | 93 | 29.9 | |
Woman | 208 | 66.88 | |
Man and Woman | 1 | 0.32 | <0.001 |
Not informed | 9 | 2.89 | |
Number of partners in the last 30 days | |||
1 | 164 | 52.73 | |
2–8 | 108 | 34.73 | <0.001 |
>8 | 30 | 9.65 | |
Not informed | 9 | 2.89 | |
Gender identity | |||
Man | 213 | 68.49 | |
Woman | 98 | 31.51 | <0.001 |
Sexual orientation | |||
Heterosexual | 298 | 95.82 | |
Homosexual | 3 | 0.96 | <0.001 |
Bisexual | 1 | 0.32 | |
Not informed | 9 | 2.89 |
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Ueno, T.M.R.L.; Lima, L.N.G.C.; Sardinha, D.M.; Rodrigues, Y.C.; Souza, H.U.S.d.; Teixeira, P.R.; Guimarães, R.J.d.P.S.e.; Lima, K.V.B.; Ventura, A.M.R.d.S. Socio-Epidemiological Features and Spatial Distribution of Malaria in an Area under Mining Activity in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910384
Ueno TMRL, Lima LNGC, Sardinha DM, Rodrigues YC, Souza HUSd, Teixeira PR, Guimarães RJdPSe, Lima KVB, Ventura AMRdS. Socio-Epidemiological Features and Spatial Distribution of Malaria in an Area under Mining Activity in the Brazilian Amazon Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910384
Chicago/Turabian StyleUeno, Thalyta Mariany Rêgo Lopes, Luana Nepomuceno Gondim Costa Lima, Daniele Melo Sardinha, Yan Corrêa Rodrigues, Herberto Ueno Seelig de Souza, Paula Ribeiro Teixeira, Ricardo José de Paula Souza e Guimarães, Karla Valéria Batista Lima, and Ana Maria Revorêdo da Silva Ventura. 2021. "Socio-Epidemiological Features and Spatial Distribution of Malaria in an Area under Mining Activity in the Brazilian Amazon Region" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910384