Implications of the Online Teaching Model Derived from the COVID-19 Lockdown Situation for Anxiety and Executive Functioning in Spanish Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Variables and Instruments
- Part 1. Ad hoc sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire.
- Part 2. Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Self-Assessment Questionnaire in Children (State Anxiety Inventory for Children, STAIC) [39].
- Part 3. Behavioral Evaluation of Executive Function: BRIEF-2 [40]. Spanish adaptation.
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N = 953 | ||
---|---|---|
Age | 10.84 ± 3.286 | |
Men | 10.94 ± 3.222 | |
Women | 10.72 ± 3.350 | |
Sex | ||
Men | 512 (53.8%) | |
Women | 439 (46.2%) | |
Nationality | ||
Spanish | 914 (95.9%) | |
Other | 39 (4.1%) | |
Income level | ||
Low (<EUR 950) | 219 (23.0%) | |
Average (=EUR 950) | 141 (14.8%) | |
High (>EUR 950) | 593 (62.2%) |
Age Group (Years) | Mean (SD) | t(df) | p | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
6–10 | 34.5 (±8.26) | t (951) = −1.74 | 0.041 | δ = –0.113 |
11–18 | 35.5 (±9.14) |
t(df) | p | Effect Size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men with Good EF | Women with Good EF | t(945) = −0.690 | 0.983 | d = −0.079 |
Men with Moderate EF | t(945) = −3.212 | 0.017 ** | d = −0.367 | |
Women with Moderate EF | t(945) = −7.881 | <0.001 *** | d = −0.936 | |
Men with Bad EF | t(945) = −12.973 | <0.001 *** | d = −1.437 | |
Women with Bad EF | t(945) = −13.284 | <0.001 *** | d = −1.657 | |
Women with Good EF | Men with Moderate EF | t(945) = −2.672 | 0.082 | d = 0.288 |
Women with Moderate EF | t(945) = −7.617 | <0.001 *** | d = −0.857 | |
Men with Bad EF | t(945) = −13.055 | <0.001 *** | d = 1.358 | |
Women with Bad EF | t(945) = −13.285 | <0.001 *** | d = −1.578 | |
Men with Moderate EF | Women with Moderate EF | t(945) = −5.079 | <0.001 *** | d = −0.569 |
Men with Bad EF | t(945) = −10.337 | <0.001 *** | d = −1.070 | |
Women with Bad EF | t(945) = −10.901 | <0.001 *** | d = −1.290 | |
Women with Moderate EF | Men with Bad EF | t(945) = −4.602 | <0.001 *** | d = 0.501 |
Women with Bad EF | t(945) = −5.877 | <0.001 *** | d = −0.721 | |
Men with Bad EF | Women with Bad EF | t(945) = −1.912 | 0.395 | d = −0.220 |
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Lavigne-Cervan, R.; Costa-López, B.; Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, R.; Sánchez-Muñoz de León, M.; Real-Fernández, M.; Navarro-Soria, I. Implications of the Online Teaching Model Derived from the COVID-19 Lockdown Situation for Anxiety and Executive Functioning in Spanish Children and Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910456
Lavigne-Cervan R, Costa-López B, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Sánchez-Muñoz de León M, Real-Fernández M, Navarro-Soria I. Implications of the Online Teaching Model Derived from the COVID-19 Lockdown Situation for Anxiety and Executive Functioning in Spanish Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910456
Chicago/Turabian StyleLavigne-Cervan, Rocío, Borja Costa-López, Rocío Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, Marta Sánchez-Muñoz de León, Marta Real-Fernández, and Ignasi Navarro-Soria. 2021. "Implications of the Online Teaching Model Derived from the COVID-19 Lockdown Situation for Anxiety and Executive Functioning in Spanish Children and Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910456