Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Perceived Crowding
2.2.2. Risk Perception
2.2.3. Spatial Proximity
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception Depending on the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Korean Leisure Activity Participants
3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics (N = 1078) According to Participants’ Spatial Proximity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N (%) | Perceived Crowding | F/t | Post Hoc Test | Risk Perception | F/t | Post Hoc Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | M ± SD | ||||||
Age | 2.70 * | 5.13 ** | 20 > 40, 50 | ||||
20s | 262 (24.3) | 2.90 ± 1.00 | 3.23 ± 0.88 | ||||
30s | 407 (37.8) | 2.86 ± 0.97 | 3.05 ± 0.92 | ||||
40s | 292 (27.1) | 2.74 ± 0.92 | 2.95 ± 0.97 | ||||
50s | 117 (10.9) | 2.65 ± 0.71 | 2.91 ± 0.90 | ||||
Total | 1078 | ||||||
Spatial proximity | 15.085 *** | 2, 3 > 1 4 > 2, 3 | 15.938 *** | 2, 3 > 1 4 > 2, 3 | |||
Intimate space 1 | 123 (11.4) | 2.42 ± 1.12 | 2.67 ± 1.18 | ||||
Personal space 2 | 570 (52.9) | 2.84 ± 0.89 | 3.09 ± 0.88 | ||||
Social space 3 | 324 (30.1) | 2.99 ± 0.86 | 3.21 ± 0.82 | ||||
Public space 4 | 61 (5.7) | 2.43 ± 1.07 | 2.59 ± 1.07 | ||||
Total | 1078 | ||||||
Leisure activities | 12.305 *** | α, β > γ | 16.988 *** | α, β, γ, δ, ζ > ε α > β, δ | |||
Culture and arts α | 82 (7.6) | 2.84 ± 0.86 | 3.59 ± 0.65 | ||||
Sports β | 187 (17.3) | 2.86 ± 0.85 | 3.17 ± 0.81 | ||||
Tourism γ | 97 (9.0) | 3.47 ± 0.70 | 3.30 ± 0.78 | ||||
Hobbies & entertainment δ | 171 (15.9) | 2.70 ± 0.93 | 3.11 ± 0.87 | ||||
Relaxation ε | 455 (42.2) | 2.69 ± 0.99 | 2.79 ± 1.02 | ||||
Social activities, etc. ζ | 86 (8.0) | 2.85 ± 0.88 | 3.26 ± 0.72 | ||||
Total | 1078 | 1075 |
Variable | N (%) | Perceived Crowding | F/t | Post Hoc Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial proximity | Leisure activities | M ± SD | |||
Intimate space (0.45 m) | Culture and arts i | 6 (4.9) | 2.83 ± 1.37 | 6.257 *** | ii > v vi > v |
Sports ii | 18 (14.6) | 3.03 ± 1.02 | |||
Tourism iii | 5 (4.1) | 3.20 ± 1.483 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 19 (15.4) | 2.50 ± 1.13 | |||
Relaxation v | 68 (55.3) | 2.02 ± 0.92 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 7 (5.7) | 3.64 ± 0.80 | |||
Total | 123 | ||||
Personal space (1.2 m) | Culture and arts i | 44 (7.7) | 2.78 ± 0.86 | 8.401 *** | i, ii, iv, v, vi > iii |
Sports ii | 94 (16.5) | 2.85 ± 0.81 | |||
Tourism iii | 51 (8.9) | 3.56 ± 0.58 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 94 (16.5) | 2.70 ± 0.87 | |||
Relaxation v | 231 (40.5) | 2.73 ± 0.94 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 56 (9.8) | 2.90 ± 0.87 | |||
Total | 570 | ||||
Social space (3.5 m) | Culture and arts i | 30 (9.3) | 2.95 ± 0.75 | 3.656 *** | vi > iii |
Sports ii | 67 (20.7) | 2.91 ± 0.80 | |||
Tourism iii | 36 (11.1) | 3.42 ± 0.70 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 49 (15.1) | 2.87 ± 0.95 | |||
Relaxation v | 122 (37.7) | 3.05 ± 0.89 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 20 (6.2) | 2.50 ± 0.80 | |||
Total | 324 | ||||
Public space (7.5 m) | Culture and arts i | 2 (3.3) | 2.25 ± 1.77 | 0.768 | |
Sports ii | 8 (13.1) | 2.19 ± 1.16 | |||
Tourism iii | 5 (8.2) | 3.20 ± 0.76 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 9 (14.8) | 2.11 ± 0.89 | |||
Relaxation v | 34 (55.7) | 2.47 ± 1.13 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 3 (4.9) | 2.33 ± 0.58 | |||
Total | 61 |
Variable | N (%) | Risk Perception | F/t | Post Hoc Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial proximity | Leisure activities | M ± SD | |||
Intimate space (0.45 m) | Culture and arts i | 6 (4.9) | 3.88 ± 0.67 | 8.717 *** | v > i, ii, iii |
Sports ii | 18 (14.6) | 3.36 ± 0.77 | |||
Tourism iii | 5 (4.1) | 3.85 ± 0.63 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 19 (15.4) | 2.87 ± 1.14 | |||
Relaxation v | 68 (55.3) | 2.17 ± 1.12 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 7 (5.7) | 3.39 ± 0.38 | |||
Total | 123 | ||||
Personal space (1.2 m) | Culture & arts i | 44 (7.7) | 3.52 ± 0.69 | 5.860 *** | v > i |
Sports ii | 94 (16.5) | 3.12 ± 0.71 | |||
Tourism iii | 51 (8.9) | 3.28 ± 0.77 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 94 (16.5) | 3.11 ± 0.81 | |||
Relaxation v | 231 (40.5) | 2.90 ± 1.00 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 56 (9.8) | 3.30 ± 0.72 | |||
Total | 570 | ||||
Social space (3.5 m) | Culture and arts i | 30 (9.3) | 3.58 ± 0.57 | 2.259 * | |
Sports ii | 67 (20.7) | 3.21 ± 0.91 | |||
Tourism iii | 36 (11.1) | 3.33 ± 0.80 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 49 (15.1) | 3.27 ± 0.78 | |||
Relaxation v | 122 (37.7) | 3.07 ± 0.80 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 20 (6.2) | 3.16 ± 0.82 | |||
Total | 324 | ||||
Public space (7.5 m) | Culture and arts i | 2 (3.3) | 4.38 ± 0.18 | 2.154 | |
Sports ii | 8 (13.1) | 3.06 ± 1.08 | |||
Tourism iii | 5 (8.2) | 2.70 ± 0.74 | |||
Hobbies and entertainment iv | 9 (14.8) | 2.78 ± 1.21 | |||
Relaxation v | 34 (55.7) | 2.31 ± 1.02 | |||
Social activities, etc. vi | 3 (4.9) | 2.67 ± 1.07 | |||
Total | 61 |
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Kim, Y.-J.; Kang, S.-W. Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020457
Kim Y-J, Kang S-W. Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020457
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Young-Jae, and Seung-Woo Kang. 2021. "Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020457