Toward a More Comprehensive Index of Youth Cigarette Smoking: Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day among Students in the United States over Two Decades
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1997 | 2001 | 2005 | 2009 | 2013 | 2017 | 1997 to 2017 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % Change | |
Current Smoking | 36.3 | (34.1, 38.6) | 28.5 | (26.5, 30.6) | 23.0 | (20.7, 25.4) | 19.4 | (17.9, 21.0) | 15.7 | (13.6, 18.0) | 8.8 | (7.2, 10.6) | −75.8% |
Sex | |||||||||||||
Female | 34.7 | (31.9, 37.6) | 27.7 | (25.7, 29.9) | 23.0 | (20.4, 25.7) | 19.1 | (17.3, 21.0) | 15.0 | (12.5, 17.8) | 7.8 | (6.1, 9.9) | −77.5% |
Male | 37.7 | (35.0, 40.5) | 29.2 | (26.7, 31.9) | 22.9 | (20.8, 25.3) | 19.8 | (17.8, 21.9) | 16.4 | (14.3, 18.6) | 9.8 | (8.3, 11.5) | −74.0% |
Grade | |||||||||||||
9th Grade | 33.4 | (28.5, 38.8) | 23.9 | (21.2, 26.9) | 19.7 | (17.5, 22.1) | 13.5 | (12.0, 15.3) | 10.2 | (8.5, 12.1) | 5.2 | (3.9, 7.0) | −84.4% |
10th Grade | 35.3 | (31.3, 39.6) | 26.9 | (23.9, 30.2) | 21.4 | (18.5, 24.7) | 18.3 | (15.9, 20.9) | 13.2 | (11.3, 15.3) | 7.6 | (6.2, 9.2) | −78.5% |
11th Grade | 36.6 | (33.0, 40.3) | 29.8 | (26.2, 33.6) | 24.3 | (21.3, 27.6) | 22.3 | (19.7, 25.1) | 21.1 | (16.8, 26.1) | 9.5 | (7.5, 11.9) | −74.0% |
12th Grade | 39.6 | (34.8, 44.5) | 35.2 | (31.2, 39.4) | 27.6 | (24.1, 31.4) | 25.2 | (22.6, 28.1) | 19.2 | (16.5, 22.2) | 13.4 | (11.0, 16.1) | −66.2% |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
NH White | 39.7 | (37.4, 42.1) | 31.9 | (29.6, 34.3) | 25.9 | (23.0, 29.1) | 22.5 | (20.1, 25.1) | 18.6 | (15.8, 21.8) | 11.1 | (9.0, 13.5) | −72.0% |
NH Black | 22.7 | (19.1, 26.7) | 14.7 | (12.1, 17.8) | 12.9 | (11.2, 14.8) | 9.5 | (8.2, 11.0) | 8.3 | (6.4, 10.6) | 4.4 | (3.2, 5.8) | −80.6% |
Hispanic | 34.0 | (31.3, 36.8) | 26.6 | (22.5, 31.1) | 22.0 | (18.8, 25.7) | 18.0 | (16.1, 20.2) | 14.0 | (11.3, 17.3) | 7.0 | (5.8, 8.6) | −79.4% |
NH Asian | 21.1 | (16.7, 26.2) | 15.2 | (10.9, 20.7) | 9.9 | (6.7, 14.4) | 7.5 | (5.3, 10.4) | 10.3 | (6.4, 16.3) | 2.2 | (1.2, 4.0) | −89.6% |
NH Other | 44.4 | (35.3, 54.0) | 31.9 | (27.4, 36.8) | 25.9 | (21.0, 31.5) | 22.7 | (18.8, 27.1) | 14.4 | (10.7, 19.0) | 7.9 | (5.5, 11.1) | −82.2% |
Daily Smoking | 12.2 | (10.6, 14.0) | 10.3 | (9.0, 11.6) | 7.1 | (6.0, 8.4) | 5.3 | (4.6, 6.1) | 4.0 | (3.1, 5.2) | 2.0 | (1.4, 2.8) | −83.6% |
Sex | |||||||||||||
Female | 11.3 | (9.6, 13.2) | 9.6 | (8.3, 11.1) | 6.9 | (5.7, 8.4) | 4.6 | (3.7, 5.6) | 3.8 | (2.6, 5.6) | 2.0 | (1.3, 3.1) | −82.3% |
Male | 12.9 | (10.6, 15.7) | 10.9 | (9.5, 12.5) | 7.3 | (6.2, 8.6) | 6.0 | (5.2, 6.7) | 4.2 | (3.4, 5.4) | 2.0 | (1.5, 2.7) | −84.5% |
Grade | |||||||||||||
9th Grade | 9.4 | (6.6, 13.2) | 6.2 | (4.6, 8.3) | 5.2 | (3.9, 6.7) | 3.3 | (2.6, 4.2) | 2.2 | (1.5, 3.2) | 0.9 | (0.6, 1.6) | −90.4% |
10th Grade | 10.2 | (8.7, 11.9) | 9.2 | (7.9, 10.7) | 5.8 | (4.4, 7.5) | 4.0 | (3.1, 5.1) | 2.9 | (2.0, 4.2) | 1.4 | (0.9, 2.3) | −86.3% |
11th Grade | 14.1 | (11.5, 17.1) | 12.2 | (10.0, 14.7) | 8.0 | (6.4, 10.0) | 6.1 | (5.1, 7.2) | 5.1 | (3.6, 7.3) | 2.2 | (1.4, 3.6) | −84.4% |
12th Grade | 14.7 | (12.0, 17.8) | 15.1 | (12.4, 18.3) | 10.1 | (8.2, 12.4) | 8.4 | (7.1, 10.0) | 6.1 | (4.7, 7.9) | 3.5 | (2.4, 5.0) | −76.2% |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
NH White | 14.4 | (12.6, 16.5) | 12.9 | (11.4, 14.6) | 8.6 | (7.3, 10.2) | 6.9 | (5.9, 8.2) | 5.6 | (4.2, 7.4) | 2.6 | (1.8, 3.7) | −81.9% |
NH Black | 5.5 | (4.1, 7.3) | 3.5 | (2.3, 5.3) | 3.1 | (1.9, 4.9) | 1.5 | (1.0, 2.2) | 1.7 | (1.1, 2.8) | 1.1 | (0.5, 2.2) | −80.0% |
Hispanic | 7.3 | (5.2, 10.1) | 4.7 | (3.6, 6.1) | 4.7 | (3.4, 6.5) | 3.0 | (2.4, 3.8) | 1.9 | (1.4, 2.5) | 1.3 | (0.9, 1.9) | −82.2% |
NH Asian | 5.2 | (3.1, 8.4) | 4.2 | (2.1, 8.3) | 3.2 | (1.4, 6.9) | 2.2 | (1.2, 4.2) | 1.6 | (0.5, 5.1) | 0.3 | (0.1, 1.1) | −94.2% |
NH Other | 16.0 | (9.1, 26.6) | 9.0 | (6.3, 12.7) | 9.4 | (6.2, 14.0) | 5.5 | (3.4, 8.7) | 3.6 | (1.9, 6.7) | 2.2 | (1.1, 4.3) | −86.3% |
1997 | 2001 | 2005 | 2009 | 2013 | 2017 | 1997 to 2017 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % Change | |
Current Smoking | 4.1 | (3.7, 4.5) | 4.3 | (3.9, 4.7) | 3.5 | (3.1, 3.8) | 3.0 | (2.8, 3.2) | 2.9 | (2.5, 3.4) | 2.9 | (2.5, 3.4) | −29.3% |
Sex | |||||||||||||
Female | 3.6 | (3.2, 4) | 3.8 | (3.3, 4.2) | 3.0 | (2.6, 3.4) | 2.4 | (2.1, 2.7) | 2.5 | (1.8, 3.2) | 2.7 | (2.1, 3.3) | −25.0% |
Male | 4.5 | (3.9, 5) | 4.8 | (4.4, 5.3) | 3.9 | (3.5, 4.2) | 3.6 | (3.2, 3.9) | 3.3 | (2.9, 3.7) | 3.0 | (2.5, 3.4) | −33.3% |
Grade | |||||||||||||
9th Grade | 3.6 | (2.8, 4.4) | 3.2 | (2.5, 3.8) | 2.9 | (2.3, 3.4) | 2.9 | (2.3, 3.4) | 2.7 | (2.0, 3.5) | 2.2 | (1.6, 2.8) | −38.9% |
10th Grade | 3.5 | (2.8, 4.1) | 4.0 | (3.5, 4.5) | 2.8 | (2.3, 3.2) | 2.6 | (2.2, 2.9) | 2.7 | (2.0, 3.4) | 2.7 | (1.7, 3.7) | −22.9% |
11th Grade | 4.4 | (4.0, 4.9) | 4.6 | (4.0, 5.1) | 3.8 | (3.2, 4.3) | 3.0 | (2.7, 3.3) | 2.6 | (2.1, 3.2) | 2.5 | (1.7, 3.3) | −43.2% |
12th Grade | 4.6 | (3.6, 5.6) | 5.3 | (4.6, 6.0) | 4.2 | (3.7, 4.6) | 3.5 | (3.1, 3.8) | 3.5 | (2.6, 4.3) | 3.4 | (2.6, 4.1) | −26.1% |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
NH White | 4.5 | (4.0, 4.9) | 4.8 | (4.3, 5.3) | 3.8 | (3.4, 4.1) | 3.2 | (3.0, 3.5) | 3.4 | (2.9, 4.0) | 2.8 | (2.3, 3.3) | −37.8% |
NH Black | 2.3 | (1.8, 2.8) | 2.6 | (1.9, 3.3) | 2.0 | (1.3, 2.6) | 2.2 | (1.3, 3.1) | 1.9 | (1.3, 2.6) | 3.3 | (1.7, 4.9) | 43.5% |
Hispanic | 2.5 | (1.9, 3.1) | 2.4 | (1.8, 2.9) | 2.5 | (1.8, 3.2) | 2.1 | (1.7, 2.4) | 1.9 | (1.5, 2.3) | 2.4 | (1.6, 3.3) | −4.0% |
NH Asian | 3.1 | (2.2, 3.9) | 3.5 | (1.9, 5.1) | 2.7 | (1.0, 4.5) | 5.2 | (2.5, 7.9) | 3.4 | (0.0, 6.8) | 1.7 | (0.0, 3.3) | −45.2% |
NH Other | 5.1 | (3.0, 7.1) | 3.2 | (2.3, 4.2) | 4.0 | (3.1, 5.0) | 2.9 | (1.9, 3.8) | 1.7 | (1.1, 2.3) | 3.6 | (1.7, 5.5) | −29.4% |
Daily Smoking (all 30 days) | 9.8 | (9.2, 10.4) | 9.7 | (9.3, 10.1) | 8.8 | (8.3, 9.4) | 8.5 | (7.9, 9.1) | 8.6 | (7.7, 9.4) | 9.9 | (8.8, 10.9) | 1.0% |
Sex | |||||||||||||
Female | 8.8 | (8.2, 9.4) | 8.8 | (8.3, 9.4) | 7.7 | (7.0, 8.5) | 7.3 | (6.7, 7.8) | 7.2 | (6.0, 8.4) | 8.3 | (7.4, 9.2) | −5.7% |
Male | 10.5 | (9.5, 11.5) | 10.5 | (9.9, 11.1) | 9.9 | (9.3, 10.4) | 9.5 | (8.7, 10.4) | 9.8 | (8.9, 10.7) | 11.1 | (9.5, 12.8) | 5.7% |
Grade | |||||||||||||
9th Grade | 10.1 | (8.7, 11.5) | 9.0 | (8.2, 9.9) | 8.5 | (7.4, 9.6) | 9.2 | (7.8, 10.6) | 9.9 | (8.4, 11.4) | 7.8 | (5.6, 9.9) | −22.8% |
10th Grade | 9.1 | (8.1, 10.1) | 9.6 | (8.7, 10.5) | 7.8 | (6.8, 8.8) | 8.4 | (7.2, 9.6) | 9.1 | (7.2, 10.9) | 11.0 | (8.5, 13.5) | 20.9% |
11th Grade | 9.4 | (8.8, 10.1) | 9.5 | (8.8, 10.3) | 9.0 | (8.0, 10.0) | 8.7 | (7.8, 9.6) | 7.6 | (6.4, 8.9) | 7.9 | (6.1, 9.7) | −16.0% |
12th Grade | 10.3 | (9.2, 11.4) | 10.2 | (9.6, 10.7) | 9.4 | (8.5, 10.3) | 8.2 | (7.4, 9.0) | 8.5 | (6.8, 10.3) | 10.6 | (9.3, 11.9) | 2.9% |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
NH White | 9.9 | (9.4, 10.5) | 9.8 | (9.4, 10.3) | 9.1 | (8.6, 9.6) | 8.2 | (7.6, 8.7) | 8.7 | (7.9, 9.6) | 8.8 | (7.4, 10.3) | −11.1% |
NH Black | 7.4 | (6.0, 8.7) | 8.7 | (7.1, 10.4) | 6.1 | (5.2, 7.1) | 10.0 | (6.3, 13.6) | 6.2 | (4.4, 8.0) | 9.7 | (6.9, 12.6) | 31.1% |
Hispanic | 7.8 | (6.5, 9.2) | 8.9 | (7.5, 10.3) | 8.9 | (6.4, 11.3) | 9.6 | (7.8, 11.4) | 9.7 | (7.8, 11.5) | 11.9 | (9.3, 14.5) | 52.6% |
NH Asian | 9.5 | (6.1, 12.8) | 9.8 | (5.7, 13.8) | 6.5 | (2.1, 10.8) | 14.1 | (10.7, 17.5) | 16.8 | (12.3, 21.3) | 8.0 | (8.0, 8.0) | −15.8% |
NH Other | 12.4 | (9.9, 14.8) | 8.6 | (7.1, 10.1) | 9.0 | (7.2, 10.8) | 8.6 | (6.5, 10.7) | 5.1 | (2.0, 8.2) | 11.7 | (8.9, 14.4) | −5.6% |
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Bover Manderski, M.T.; Delnevo, C.D.; Warner, K.E. Toward a More Comprehensive Index of Youth Cigarette Smoking: Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day among Students in the United States over Two Decades. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020478
Bover Manderski MT, Delnevo CD, Warner KE. Toward a More Comprehensive Index of Youth Cigarette Smoking: Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day among Students in the United States over Two Decades. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020478
Chicago/Turabian StyleBover Manderski, Michelle T., Cristine D. Delnevo, and Kenneth E. Warner. 2021. "Toward a More Comprehensive Index of Youth Cigarette Smoking: Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day among Students in the United States over Two Decades" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020478