Job Insecurity and Safety Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Work Engagement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Hypotheses
2.1. Job Insecurity and Safety Behaviours
2.2. The Mediating Effect of Insomnia
2.3. The Mediating Effect of Job Engagement
2.4. The Serial Mediating Role of Insomnia and Job Engagement
2.5. Research Model
3. Method
3.1. Sample and Procedures
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Job Insecurity Scale
3.2.2. Insomnia Scale
3.2.3. Work Engagement Scale
3.2.4. Safety Behaviour Scale
4. Results
4.1. Common Method Bias
4.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses
4.3. Correlation Analysis
4.4. The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Work Engagement
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Contributions
5.2. Practical Significance
6. Limitations and Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
There Is No Right or Wrong Answer to The Following Questions. Please Tick the Appropriate Answer According to Your Own Feelings, Where 1 = “Strongly Disagree”, 2 = “Disagree”, 3 = “Uncertain”, 4 = “Agree” and 5 = “Strongly Agree” | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | My workplace is secure in every respect. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | In my opinion, I will keep my job in the near future. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | My job is secure. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | In my opinion, I will be employed for a long time in my present workplace. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | The thought of loosing my job troubles me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | The thought of loosing my job worries me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | The thought of loosing my job scares me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
How Often in the Past Month Did You | Not at All | 1–3 Days | 4–7 Days | 8–14 Days | More than 14 Days | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Have trouble falling asleep? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | Wake up several times per night? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Have trouble staying asleep (including waking far too early)? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Wake up after your usual amount of sleep feeling tired and worn out? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
There Is No Right or Wrong Answer to the Following Questions. Please Tick the Appropriate Answer According to Your Own Feelings, Where 1 = “Strongly Disagree”, 2 = “Disagree”, 3 = “Uncertain”, 4 = “Agree” and 5 = “Strongly Agree” | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | When I get up in the morning, I feel like going to work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | At my work, I feel bursting with energy. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | At my work I always persevere, even when things do not go well. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | I can continue working for very long periods at a time. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | At my job, I am very resilient, mentally. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | At my job I feel strong and vigorous. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | To me, my job is challenging. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | My job inspires me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | I am enthusiastic about my job. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | I am proud on the work that I do. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | I find the work that I do full of meaning and purpose. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | When I am working, I forget everything else around me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | Time flies when I am working. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | I get carried away when I am working. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
15 | It is difficult to detach myself from my job. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
16 | I am immersed in my work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
17 | I feel happy when I am working intensely. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
There Is No Right or Wrong Answer for the Following Questions. Please Tick “√” According to Your Own Feelings, Where 1 = “Strongly Disagree”, 2 = “Strongly Disagree”, 3 = “Somewhat Disagree”, 4 = “Not Sure”, 5 = “Somewhat Agree”, 6 = “Somewhat Agree” and 7 = “Strongly Agree” | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I strictly abide by the safety rules and regulations in my work | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
2 | I strictly follow safe operating procedures at work | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
3 | At work, I strictly follow the safety production instructions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
4 | I always pay attention to safety in my work | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
5 | I standardize the use of safety protection equipment at work | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
6 | At work, I timely report the safety situation | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
7 | I am actively involved in the formulation of safety objectives | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
8 | I am actively involved in the revision of safety regulations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
9 | I’m an active participant in security meetings | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
10 | I actively make suggestions for safety work | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
11 | I actively provide safety support and help for the workers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
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Measurement Models | χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Five-factor (A, B, C, D, E) | 1893.84 | 659 | 2.87 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.06 |
Four-factor (A, B, C, D + E) | 2386.62 | 663 | 3.60 | 0.07 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.09 |
Three-factor (A, B + C, D + E) | 4147.36 | 666 | 6.23 | 0.10 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.11 |
Two-factor (A + B + C, D + E) | 4990.38 | 668 | 7.47 | 0.11 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.12 |
One-factor (A + B + C + D + E) | 8062.86 | 669 | 12.05 | 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.15 |
M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 gender | 1.43 | 0.50 | - | |||||||||
2 age | 4.23 | 1.13 | −0.15 ** | - | ||||||||
3 marriage | 1.12 | 0.41 | 0.02 | −0.18 ** | - | |||||||
4 education | 2.90 | 0.93 | 0.21 ** | −0.34 ** | 0.07 | - | ||||||
5 years of working | 4.76 | 0.64 | −0.14 ** | 0.59 ** | −0.19 ** | −0.28 ** | - | |||||
6 job insecurity | 3.47 | 1.22 | −0.05 | 0.10 * | 0.03 | −0.31 ** | 0.13 ** | - | ||||
7 insomnia | 2.71 | 1.44 | −0.18 ** | 0.07 | 0.06 | −0.22 ** | 0.10 * | 0.44 ** | - | |||
8 work engagement | 3.67 | 0.76 | 0.11 * | 0.05 | −0.09 * | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.36 ** | −0.29 ** | - | ||
9 safety compliance | 6.45 | 0.76 | 0.11 ** | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.18 ** | −0.23 ** | 0.34 ** | - | |
10 safety participation | 6.06 | 1.02 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.26 ** | −0.25 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.68 ** | - |
Outcome: Criterion: Insomnia | Outcome: Work Engagement | Outcome: Safety Compliance | Outcome: Safety Participation | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | β | SE | t | |
Gender | −0.46 | 0.11 | −4.30 *** | 0.10 | 0.06 | 1.67 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 1.44 | −0.09 | 0.08 | −1.13 |
Job insecurity | 0.51 | 0.04 | 11.71 *** | −0.18 | 0.03 | −6.63 *** | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.45 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −1.43 |
Insomnia | −0.08 | 0.02 | −3.52 *** | −0.07 | 0.02 | −2.81 ** | −0.07 | 0.03 | −2.34 * | |||
Work engagement | 0.29 | 0.04 | 6.85 *** | 0.60 | 0.05 | 11.39 *** | ||||||
R2 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.26 | ||||||||
F | 80.28 *** | 34.40 *** | 22.66 *** | 49.59 *** |
Effect | BootSE | BootLLCI | BootULCI | Mediation Proportion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total indirect effect: JI→SC | −0.10 | 0.02 | −0.13 | −0.07 | 88.58% |
Indirect effect via insomnia | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 30.76% |
Indirect effect via WE | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.08 | −0.03 | 46.85% |
Indirect effect via insomnia and WE | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 10.97% |
Effect | BootSE | BootLLCI | BootULCI | Mediation Proportion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total indirect effect: JI→SP | −0.17 | 0.02 | −0.22 | −0.12 | 77.03% |
Indirect effect via insomnia | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.07 | −0.00 | 16.19% |
Indirect effect via WE | −0.11 | 0.02 | −0.15 | −0.07 | 49.26% |
Indirect effect via insomnia and WE | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 11.57% |
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Zhang, X.; Zhao, C.; Niu, Z.; Xu, S.; Wang, D. Job Insecurity and Safety Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Work Engagement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020581
Zhang X, Zhao C, Niu Z, Xu S, Wang D. Job Insecurity and Safety Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Work Engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020581
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xinyong, Chaoyue Zhao, Zhaoxiang Niu, Shike Xu, and Dawei Wang. 2021. "Job Insecurity and Safety Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Work Engagement" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020581