Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Development of distribution of percentiles of the nonsmoking general population endogenous equivalent concentrations and total equivalent concentrations.
- Characterization of recently measured ambient EO concentrations in the vicinity of sterilization and other EO emitting facilities and at corresponding representative background sites to assess exogenous exposure concentration above background levels.
- Assessment of the relative importance of excess EO concentrations in the vicinity of emitting facilities by comparing a central tendency or upper bound ambient air EO concentration added to the general population 50th percentile endogenous equivalent concentration, measures of total exposure, to the normal percentile range of nonsmoking general population total equivalent concentrations.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Equivalent Exposure Concentrations
2.2. EO Concentrations in Ambient Air Near Emitting U.S. Facilities and Associated Background Locations
2.2.1. Available Data
2.2.2. EO Collection and Analytical Methods Applied to EO Monitoring
2.2.3. Statistical Methods
2.3. Comparing EO Exposure Concentrations to Endogenous Equivalent Concentration Benchmarks
3. Results
3.1. Total Equivalent and Endogenous Equivalent Concentrations
3.2. Facility Vicinity and Background EO Concentrations
3.3. National Background and Local Background EO Concentrations
3.4. Risk Management Context for Near Facility Potential Population Exposure Concentrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Facility | Location | Year | Season 1 | n (sites) 2,3 | Dist. 4 | Dur. 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medline 6 [20] | Waukegan, IL | 19/20 | A, B, C | 174 (5) | ~190–1660 | 24 |
Vantage [20] | Gurnee, IL | 19/20 | A, B, C | 250 (5) | ~260–1130 | 24 |
Background [20] | Gurnee, IL | 19/20 | A, B, C, D | 98 (2) | >2440 | 24 |
Sterigenics [21] | Willowbrook, IL | 18/19 | C, D | 237 (8) | ~100–1700 | 24 |
Background [22] | Chicago, IL area | 18/19 | C | 28 (14) | >9600 | 12 |
Sterigenics [23] | Smyrna, GA | 19/20 | A, B, C, D | 211 (7) | ~280–1970 | 24 |
BD 7 [24] | Covington, GA | 19/20 | A, B, C, D | 267 (8) | ~60–1980 | 24 |
SS 8 [25] | Atlanta, GA | 19/20 | A, B, D | 64 (3) | ~150–840 | 24 |
Background [26] | General Coffee, GA | 19/20 | A, B, C, D | 25 (1) | >290,000 | 24 |
Background [27] | South DeKalb, GA | 19/20 | A, B, C, D | 58 (2) | >22,500 | 24 |
Viant [28] | Grand Rapids, MI | 18/19 | A, B, C, D | 20 (12) | ~80–1520 | 24 |
Background [28] | Grand Rapids, MI | 19 | A | 4 (4) | >2100 | 24 |
Terumo [29] | Lakewood, CO | 18 | B, C | 84 (8) | ~40–1570 | 24 |
Background [29] | Denver, CO area | 18 | C | 18 (4) | >4500 | 24 |
Percentile | HEVunadj 1 | Total Eq. 2 | HEVadj 3 | Endog. Eq. 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
pmol/g Hb | ppb | pmol/g Hb | ppb | |
P5 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 11.2 | 1.0 |
P10 | 16.0 | 1.5 | 13.8 | 1.3 |
P25 | 20.8 | 1.9 | 18.6 | 1.7 |
P50 | 27.0 | 2.5 | 24.8 | 2.3 |
P75 | 35.1 | 3.2 | 32.9 | 3.0 |
P90 | 47.5 | 4.4 | 45.3 | 4.2 |
P95 | 60.1 | 5.5 | 57.9 | 5.3 |
Facility (Controls 1) | Mean ± SD | P50 2 | P90 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Medline (pre) | 0.31 ± 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.86 |
Medline (post) | 0.17 ± 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.43 |
Vantage | 0.17 ± 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.43 |
Background | 0.10 ± 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.26 |
Sterigenics 4 | 0.70 ± 1.72 | 0.22 | 1.92 |
Background | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.31 |
Sterigenics 5 | 0.26 ± 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.77 |
Becton Dickinson | 0.28 ± 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.73 |
Sterilization Services | 0.58 ± 0.42 | 0.46 | 1.45 |
Background | 0.19 ± 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.56 |
Viant | 0.22 ± 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.57 |
Background | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.12 |
Terumo (pre) | 1.14 ± 0.87 | 0.87 | 3.10 |
Terumo (post) | 0.29 ± 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.89 |
Background | 0.15 ± 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.44 |
NATTS / UAT Background | Facility Background | ||
---|---|---|---|
Location | ppb | Location | ppb 1 |
Phoenix, AZ | 0.22 | Denver, CO area | 0.18 |
Phoenix, AZ | 0.12 | Denver, CO area | 0.07 |
Grand Junction, CO | 0.17 | Denver, CO area | 0.25 |
Pinellas Park, FL | 0.08 | Denver, CO area | 0.08 |
St. Petersburg, FL | 0.08 | General Coffee, GA | 0.20 |
Valrico, FL | 0.08 | South DeKalb, GA | 0.19 |
Northbrook, IL | 0.15 | South DeKalb, GA | 0.15 |
Schiller Park, IL | 0.19 | Chicago, IL area | 0.18 |
Ashland, KY | 0.16 | Chicago, IL area | 0.15 |
Calvert City, KY | 0.16 | Chicago, IL area | 0.09 |
Grayson, KY | 0.14 | Chicago, IL area | 0.14 |
Smithland, KY | 0.17 | Chicago, IL area | 0.17 |
Albany, NY | 0.10 | Chicago, IL area | 0.10 |
Bronx, NY | 0.09 | Chicago, IL area | 0.11 |
Bronx, NY | 0.08 | Chicago, IL area | 0.10 |
Camden, NJ | 0.19 | Chicago, IL area | 0.10 |
Chester, NJ | 0.19 | Chicago, IL area | 0.10 |
E. Brunswick, NJ | 0.17 | Chicago, IL area | 0.49 |
Elizabeth, NJ | 0.16 | Chicago, IL area | 0.15 |
Pinnacle, NY | 0.10 | Chicago, IL area | 0.27 |
Queens, NY | 0.08 | Chicago, IL area | 0.11 |
Rochester, NY | 0.10 | Gurnee, IL | 0.11 |
Dearborn, MI | 0.13 | Gurnee, IL | 0.09 |
St. Louis, MO | 0.15 | Grand Rapids, MI | 0.10 |
Bountiful, UT | 0.14 | Grand Rapids, MI | 0.10 |
Lacey, WA | 0.11 | Grand Rapids, MI | 0.12 |
Seattle, WA | 0.09 | Grand Rapids, MI | 0.10 |
Overall mean ± SD | 0.13 ± 0.04 | Overall mean ± SD | 0.14 ± 0.14 |
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Sheehan, P.J.; Lewis, R.C.; Kirman, C.R.; Watson, H.N.; Winegar, E.D.; Bus, J.S. Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020607
Sheehan PJ, Lewis RC, Kirman CR, Watson HN, Winegar ED, Bus JS. Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020607
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheehan, Patrick J., Ryan C. Lewis, Christopher R. Kirman, Heather N. Watson, Eric D. Winegar, and James S. Bus. 2021. "Ethylene Oxide Exposure in U.S. Populations Residing Near Sterilization and Other Industrial Facilities: Context Based on Endogenous and Total Equivalent Concentration Exposures" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020607