Determinants of Residents’ Approach–Avoidance Responses to the Personal Carbon Trading Scheme: An Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents in Eastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Definition of Influencing Factors
2.2. Construction of Research Hypothesis
2.3. Development Of Measurement Scales
- A.
- Determine the variables and propose hypotheses by means of a literature review, in-depth interviews, and expert consultation.
- B.
- Make localized modifications of existing measurement scales, or design new scales based on the concepts of the related variables.
- C.
- Conduct a preliminary investigation.
- D.
- Test the reliability and validity of the initial scales.
- E.
- Make amendments to the initial scales.
- F.
- Establish formal measurement scales.
2.4. Description of Investigation Process
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Demographic Distribution of Respondents
3.3. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Influencing Factors | Definition |
---|---|
Ecological value | The perceived importance of improving environmental quality. |
Sense of social responsibility | The awareness of having an obligation to make contributions to the society. |
Preference for comfort | The greater liking for living a comfortable life over making sacrifice for carbon emission reduction. |
Cognition of the behaviors for carbon emission reduction | The psychological result of people perceiving, acquiring and intuiting the ways and behaviors for carbon emission reduction. |
Cognition of PCT | The psychological result of people perceiving, learning and reasoning PCT scheme. |
Perceived behavioral control | The perceived ease or difficulty of participating in PCT and it is assumed to reflect past experience and anticipated impediments. |
Culture of consumerism | The social forms of a society that people are encouraged to acquire goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. |
Culture of environmentalism | The social forms of a society that people are encouraged to adopt low-carbon and pro-environmental behaviors. |
Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Proportion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avoidance (Denoted by “1” and “2”) | Neutrality (Denoted by “3”) | Approach (Denoted by “4” and “5”) | |||
AAR 1 | 3.79 | 0.90 | 8.25% | 17.65% | 74.10% |
Variable | EV 1 | SSR 2 | PC 3 | CBCER 4 | CPCT 5 | PBC 6 | CC 7 | CE 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 4.43 | 3.83 | 2.87 | 4.19 | 3.84 | 3.61 | 3.68 | 3.59 |
Standard deviation | 0.72 | 0.85 | 1.03 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.86 |
Variable | Classification | Number | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 990 | 52.33% |
Female | 902 | 47.67% | |
Age | 18–20-years-old | 75 | 3.97% |
21–30-years-old | 866 | 45.77% | |
31–40-years-old | 551 | 29.12% | |
41–50-years-old | 250 | 13.21% | |
Older than 50-years-old | 150 | 7.93% | |
Education level | Middle school education and below | 81 | 4.28% |
High school education | 117 | 6.18% | |
College degree | 161 | 8.51% | |
Bachelor’s degree | 711 | 37.58% | |
Master’s degree | 644 | 34.04% | |
Doctorate degree | 178 | 9.41% | |
Annual individual income | Less than 30,000 Chinese Yuan | 429 | 22.68% |
30,000–50,000 Chinese Yuan | 180 | 9.51% | |
50,000–80,000 Chinese Yuan | 222 | 11.73% | |
80,000–100,000 Chinese Yuan | 310 | 16.39% | |
100,000–150,000 Chinese Yuan | 348 | 18.39% | |
150,000–200,000 Chinese Yuan | 152 | 8.03% | |
200,000–300,000 Chinese Yuan | 129 | 6.82% | |
300,000–500,000 Chinese Yuan | 77 | 4.07% | |
500,000–1,000,000 Chinese Yuan | 45 | 2.38% |
Variable | Unstandardized Coefficient | Standard Error | T | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 0.907 *** | 0.156 | 5.812 | 0.000 |
EV 1 | 0.138 *** | 0.031 | 4.432 | 0.000 |
SSR 2 | 0.196 *** | 0.030 | 6.432 | 0.000 |
PC 3 | −0.106 *** | 0.020 | −5.405 | 0.000 |
CBCER 4 | 0.176 *** | 0.029 | 6.087 | 0.000 |
CPCT 5 | 0.284 *** | 0.025 | 11.480 | 0.000 |
CC 6 | −0.128 | 0.017 | −7.383 | 0.000 |
CE 7 | 0.068 | 0.025 | 2.740 | 0.006 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.469 | |||
F | 239.244 *** |
Path | Is there a Mediating Effect? | Proportion of Mediating Effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EV 1→PBC 6→AAR 7 | 0.138 *** | −0.031 | 0.387 *** | 0.150 *** | Yes | 8.69% |
SSR 2→PBC→AAR | 0.196 *** | 0.229 *** | 0.387 *** | 0.107 *** | Yes | 45.41% |
PC 3→PBC→AAR | −0.106 *** | −0.138 *** | 0.387 *** | −0.053 *** | Yes | 50.38% |
CBCER 4→PBC→AAR | 0.176 *** | 0.174 *** | 0.387 *** | 0.109 *** | Yes | 38.26% |
CPCT 5→PBC→AAR | 0.284 *** | 0.423 *** | 0.387 *** | 0.121 *** | Yes | 57.64% |
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Guo, D.; Chen, H.; Long, R.; Zou, S. Determinants of Residents’ Approach–Avoidance Responses to the Personal Carbon Trading Scheme: An Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents in Eastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020822
Guo D, Chen H, Long R, Zou S. Determinants of Residents’ Approach–Avoidance Responses to the Personal Carbon Trading Scheme: An Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents in Eastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020822
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Daoyan, Hong Chen, Ruyin Long, and Shaohui Zou. 2021. "Determinants of Residents’ Approach–Avoidance Responses to the Personal Carbon Trading Scheme: An Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents in Eastern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020822