A Systematic Review on Caries Status of Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
- Sample frame: Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population?
- Sampling method: Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way?
- Sample size: Was the sample size adequate?
- Study setting: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?
- Sample coverage: Were the data analysed with sufficient coverage of the sample?
- Measure method: Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition?
- Outcome reliability: Were the measures for participants set out in a standard and reliable way?
- Statstical analysis: Was there appropriate statistical analysis?
- Response rate: Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately?
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations in This Study
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Median of Untreated Caries Prevalence | Median of Root Caries Prevalence |
---|---|---|
Global (20 countries, 39 studies) | 49% | 46% |
Asia (5 countries, 20 studies) | 66% | 46% |
Europe (8 countries, 10 studies) | 46% | 35% |
North America (2 countries, 3 studies) | 25% | 95.3% |
South America (1 country, 1 study) | - | 74% |
Oceania (1 country, 2 studies) | 25% | 18% |
Africa (3 countries, 3 studies) | 49% | - |
Country [Ref.] | Sampling Method | Setting | Participants | Location | Types of Caries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | |||||
China [11] | Multistage Cluster | Community | 65–74 yrs; Female: 65% | Urban: 51% | Coronal |
China [12] | Multistage Cluster | Community | 65–74 yrs; Female: 65% | Urban: 51% | Root |
China [13] | Purposive | Residential home | ≥60 yrs; Female: 66% | Coronal | |
China [14] | Consecutive | Day care centre | ≥65 yrs; Female: 76%; Dementia: 54% | Coronal | |
China [15] | - | Community | 65–94 yrs; Female: 68%; Systemic disease: 71% | Coronal | |
China [16] | Purposive | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 81% | Root | |
India [17] | Cluster | Residential home | ≥60 yrs; Female: 60% | Root | |
India [18] | Convenience | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 30% | Coronal | |
India [19] | Not reported | Residential home | 60–69 yrs; Female: 60% | Coronal and Root | |
India [20] | Simple Random | Residential home | ≥65 yrs; Female: 55% | Coronal | |
India [21] | Stratified cluster | Community | 65–74 yrs | Rural: 98% | Coronal |
India [22] | Stratified sampling | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 51% | Rural: 100% | Coronal |
India [23] | Multistage cluster | Community | 65–74 yrs; Female: 50% | Rural:100% | Coronal |
India [24] | Systematic Random | Community | ≥65 yrs | Urban:100% | Coronal |
Singapore [25] | Random | Hospital | 60–80 yrs; Female: 27%; Psychiatric: 100% | Coronal | |
Turkey [26] | - | Community | ≥65 yrs | Coronal | |
Turkey [27] | Random | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 47%; Systematic disease: 90% | Coronal | |
Turkey [28] | Not Reported | Community | 70–80 yrs | Coronal | |
Vietnam [29] | Multistage Stratified | Community | ≥65 yrs; Female: 50% | Rural: 47% | Coronal |
Vietnam [30] | - | Residential home | ≥60 yrs; Female: 55%; Systematic disease: 51% | Coronal and Root | |
Europe | |||||
Finland [31] | Random | Community | Age: ≥75; Female: 74; Functional disability: 100% | Coronal and Root | |
Germany [32] | Census | Community | 100 yrs; Female: 84% | Coronal and Root | |
Germany [33] | Convenience | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 52% | Coronal | |
Ireland [34] | Advertisement | Community | ≥65 yrs; Female: 56% | Coronal and Root | |
Kosovo [35] | Not Reported | Community | ≥65 yrs | Coronal | |
Norway [36] | Random | Community | 65–79 yrs | Coronal | |
Poland [37] | Random | Community | 65–74 yrs; Female: 52% | Coronal | |
Poland [38] | Volunteer | Community | ≥65 yrs; Female: 64%; Depression: 30% | Coronal | |
Portugal [39] | Probabilistic | Residential home | ≥60 yrs; Female: 70% | Coronal and Root | |
Romania [40] | Not Reported | Community | 65–74 yrs; Female: 55% | Rural: 100% | Coronal |
North America | |||||
Mexico [41] | Not Reported | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 70% | Root | |
Mexico [42] | Not Reported | Residential home | ≥60 yrs; Female: 100%; Systematic disease: 67% | Rural: 42% | Coronal |
USA [43] | Not Reported | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 71% | Coronal | |
South America | |||||
Brazil [44] | Simple Random | Community | ≥60 yrs; Female: 49%; Depression: 11% | Rural: 47% | Root |
Oceania | |||||
Australia [45] | Not reported | Community | ≥75 yrs | Root | |
Australia [46] | Not reported | Community | ≥75 yrs | Coronal | |
Africa | |||||
Egypt [47] | Convenience | Community | ≥65 yrs | Coronal | |
Malawi [48] | Multistage | Community | 65–74 yrs | Coronal | |
South Africa [49] | Consecutive | Community | ≥65 yrs | Coronal |
Caries Prevalence | Sample Size | DMFT ± SD | DT ± SD | Diagnostic Criteria | Country (Ref.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
43–99% | 21–4331 | 9.2–26.7 | 1–6.4 | Asia | |
99% * | 791 | - | 5.8 ± 4 | WHO | Vietnam [30] |
98% | 4431 | 13.3 ± 9.3 | 3.3 ± 4.2 | WHO | China [11] |
89% | 258 | 14.3 ± 8.7 | 6.4 ± 5.5 | WHO | Vietnam [29] |
77% | 248 | 16.4 ± 9 | - | WHO | India [18] |
76% | 352 | - | - | WHO | India [22] |
56% | 165 | 18.5 ± 13.1 | - | WHO | India [21] |
49% | 192 | 12 ± 9.7 | 1.6 ±2.2 | WHO | India [23] |
47% | 195 | - | 1 ± 1.5 | WHO | China [15] |
47% * | 175 | 20.3 ± 10.2 | 2.2 ± 3.6 | WHO | India [19] |
43% | 23 | - | - | WHO | India [24] |
- | 709 | 19.1 ± 7.3 | - | WHO | Turkey [27] |
- * | 512 | 15.1 ± 8.2 | - | WHO | China [13] |
- | 392 (65–74) | 21.9 ± 5.2 | - | WHO | Turkey [26] |
- | 429 (75+) | 23.6 ± 4.7 | - | ||
- * | 150 | 23.9 | - | WHO | India [20] |
- * | 129 | 22.5 ± 7.9 | 2.1 ± 3.1 | WHO | China [14] |
- | 99 | 19.2 ± 9.3 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | ||
- * | 64 | 26.7 ± 6.4 | 3.5 ±5.1 | WHO | Singapore [25] |
- | 21 | 9.2 ± 4.8 | 1 ± 0.7 | WHO | Turkey [28] |
21–59% | 55–1626 | 17.8–27.5 | 0.5–5.3 | Europe | |
59% | 196 | - | - | - | Romania [40] |
50% * | 372 | 25.6 ± 7.3 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | WHO | Portugal [39] |
49% | 387 | 17.8 | 1.1 | WHO | Poland [37] |
42% | 1626 (65–74) | 18 ± 9.9 | 1.1 ± 2 | WHO | Kosovo [35] |
- | 273 (75+) | 23.2 ± 9.4 | 0.5 ± 1.5 | ||
30% | 269 | - | 0.8 ± 1.8 | WHO | Finland [31] |
- | 500 | 27.5 ± 5 | 1.5 ± 2.7 | WHO | Poland [38] |
- | 334 | 23.5 ± 5 | - | WHO | Ireland [34] |
- | 308 | 22.5 | 0.8 | 5-grade scale | Norway [36] |
- | 61 (migrant) | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 5.3 ± 4.6 | Barmes | Germany [33] |
- | 51(non-migrant) | 23.4 ± 4.6 | 2.1 ± 2.8 | ||
- | 55 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 1.2 | WHO | Germany [32] |
25% | 170–512 | - | 1.9 | North America | |
25% | 512 | - | - | - | USA [43] |
- * | 170 | - | 1.9 ± 3.5 | WHO | Mexico [42] |
25% | 433 | - | - | Oceania | |
25% | 433 | - | - | WHO | Australia [46] |
42–99% | 12–683 | 6.9–30.1 | 0.2–3.4 | Africa | |
- | 243 (65–74) | 29.7 ± 5.9 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | WHO | South Africa [49] |
99% | 74 (75+) | 30.1 ± 6.1 | 0.2 ± 1.6 | ||
49% | 683 | 6.9 | 1.41 | WHO | Malawi [48] |
42% | 12 | 11.4 ± 7.6 | 3.4 ± 7.4 | WHO | Egypt [47] |
Root Caries Prevalence | Sample Size | DT ± SD | Diagnostic Criteria | Countries (Ref.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
30–96% | 175–4431 | 0.7–6 | Asia | |
96% * | 791 | 6 ± 4.2 | WHO | Vietnam [30] |
62% | 4431 | 2.6 ± 3.7 | WHO | China [12] |
46% * | 312 | - | Banting | India [17] |
40% * | 175 | - | WHO | India [19] |
30% * | 353 | 0.7 ± 1.7 | ICDAS | China [16] |
8–54% | 55–372 | 0.1–3.4 | Europe | |
54% * | 372 | 3.4 ± 3.6 | WHO | Portugal [39] |
35% | 55 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | WHO | Germany [32] |
8% | 269 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | WHO | Finland [31] |
95% | 139 | North America | ||
95% * | 139 | - | WHO | Mexico [41] |
74% | 390 | South America | ||
74% | 390 | - | WHO | Brazil [44] |
18% | 433 | Oceania | ||
18% | 433 | - | WHO | Australia [45] |
Country of Study [Ref.] | Household Income | Education Level | Living Region | Dietary Habit | Brushing Habit | Dental Visit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egypt [47] | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - |
Australia [46] | Y | - | Y | - | - | Y |
China [12] | - | Y | - | Y | - | Y |
Norway [36] | - | - | - | Y | Y | Y |
India [17] | Y | - | - | Y | Y | - |
Australia [45] | Y | - | Y | - | - | |
China [11] | Y | - | - | Y | - | |
Brazil [44] | - | - | Y | - | Y | - |
Portugal [39] | - | - | - | - | Y | - |
Turkey [28] | - | Y | - | - | - | - |
USA [43] | Y | - | - | - | - | |
India [18] | - | Y | - | - | - | - |
Quality (Score) | Sample Frame | Sampling Method | Sample Size | Study Setting | Sample Coverage | Measure Method | Outcome Reliability | Statistical Analysis | Response Rate | Country [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | ||||||||||
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | China [14] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | China [11] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | China [12] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | India [17] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Turkey [28] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Vietnam [29] |
Good (7) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | - | Y | Y | India [23] |
Good (7) | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | India [21] |
Moderate (6) | - | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | China [15] |
Moderate (6) | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | - | India [19] |
Moderate (6) | - | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | India [20] |
Moderate (6) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | - | - | Y | Y | India [24] |
Moderate (6) | - | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Turkey [26] |
Moderate (6) | Y | Y | Y | - | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Vietnam [30] |
Moderate (5) | - | - | Y | - | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | China [16] |
Moderate (5) | - | - | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | China [13] |
Moderate (5) | - | - | Y | Y | - | Y | - | Y | Y | India [22] |
Moderate (5) | - | Y | - | Y | - | - | Y | Y | Y | Singapore [25] |
Moderate (4) | - | - | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | - | India [18] |
Moderate (4) | - | Y | - | - | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Turkey [27] |
Europe | ||||||||||
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Germany [32] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Kosovo [35] |
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Norway [36] |
Good (7) | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Finland [31] |
Good (7) | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Romania [40] |
Moderate (6) | - | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Poland [38] |
Moderate (6) | - | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Portugal [39] |
Moderate (5) | - | - | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Germany [33] |
Moderate (5) | Y | - | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | - | Poland [37] |
Moderate (4) | - | - | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Ireland [34] |
North America | ||||||||||
Moderate (6) | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | - | - | Y | Y | USA [43] |
Moderate (5) | - | - | - | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Mexico [41] |
Moderate (4) | - | - | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Mexico [42] |
South America | ||||||||||
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Brazil [44] |
Oceania | ||||||||||
Good (7) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Australia [45] |
Good (7) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Australia [46] |
Africa | ||||||||||
Good (8) | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | Y | Malawi [48] |
Moderate (6) | - | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | Y | - | Y | Egypt [47] |
Moderate (6) | Y | Y | - | Y | - | Y | Y | Y | - | South Africa [49] |
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Chan, A.K.Y.; Tamrakar, M.; Jiang, C.M.; Lo, E.C.M.; Leung, K.C.M.; Chu, C.H. A Systematic Review on Caries Status of Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010662
Chan AKY, Tamrakar M, Jiang CM, Lo ECM, Leung KCM, Chu CH. A Systematic Review on Caries Status of Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010662
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Alice Kit Ying, Manisha Tamrakar, Chloe Meng Jiang, Edward Chin Man Lo, Katherine Chiu Man Leung, and Chun Hung Chu. 2021. "A Systematic Review on Caries Status of Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010662