Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Street Dust with Different Land Uses, a Case in Changsha, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Accumulation
2.4. Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods for Soil Heavy Metals
2.4.1. Health Risk Assessment
2.4.2. Monte Carlo Simulation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Characteristics of Heavy Metals in the Soil and Street Dust
3.2. Impacts of Land Uses on Heavy Metals
3.3. Correlations of Heavy Metals in Soil and Street Dust
3.4. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Street Dust
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pb | Cd | Zn | Cu | Cr (VI) | Ni | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RfDing | 3.5 × 10−3 | 1.0 × 10−3 | 3.0 × 10−1 | 4.0 × 10−2 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 2.0 × 10−2 |
RfDdermal | 5.3 × 10−4 | 1.0 × 10−5 | 6.0 × 10−2 | 1.2 × 10−2 | 6.0 × 10−5 | 5.4 × 10−3 |
RfDinhal | 2.0 × 10−4 | 1.0 × 10−5 | 6.0 × 10−2 | 4.2 × 10−2 | 2.9 × 10−5 | 1.4 × 10−5 |
Soil (mg·kg−1) | Street Dust (mg·kg−1) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Zn | Cr | Ni | Pb | Cd | Cu | Zn | Cr | Ni | |
Average | 45.3 | 0.69 | 46.3 | 220.4 | 128.7 | 32.9 | 130.1 | 3.91 | 130.8 | 667.2 | 223.2 | 50.5 |
Median | 44.6 | 0.61 | 43.8 | 213.5 | 122.8 | 33.9 | 101 | 2.59 | 106.8 | 446.5 | 176.9 | 32.6 |
Standard deviation | 20.2 | 0.38 | 13.8 | 91.6 | 51.9 | 9.1 | 102.1 | 3.08 | 94.3 | 804.8 | 178.1 | 69.6 |
Minimum | 11.3 | 0.14 | 15.3 | 102.4 | 33.5 | 9.8 | 6.5 | 1.00 | 15.0 | 97.9 | 19.9 | 14 |
Maximum | 90.6 | 1.55 | 72.4 | 482.6 | 258.6 | 52.3 | 465.6 | 13.55 | 489.9 | 4497.2 | 1005 | 405.8 |
Variation coefficient (%) | 44.6 | 58.2 | 29.8 | 41.6 | 40.3 | 27.7 | 78.5 | 78.8 | 72.1 | 120.6 | 79.8 | 137.8 |
Kurtosis | −0.65 | −0.37 | −0.28 | 1.31 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 3.57 | 2.19 | 5.49 | 16.94 | 11.69 | 24.3 |
Skewness | 0.32 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 1.13 | 0.57 | −0.18 | 1.86 | 1.56 | 1.81 | 3.7 | 2.97 | 4.7 |
Background values a | 28 | 0.12 | 26 | 74 | 94 | 27 |
Pb | Cd | Cu | Zn | Cr | Ni | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil (average ± standard deviation, mg·kg−1) | ||||||
Park | 60.2 ± 18.9 a | 1.05 ± 0.29 a | 52.8 ± 10.9 ab | 287.2 ± 102.5 a | 153.3 ± 45.3 ab | 37.1 ± 5.0 a |
Roadside | 47.5 ± 18.6 ab | 0.70 ± 0.38 b | 54.2 ± 12.9 a | 235.4 ± 101.1 ab | 163.0 ± 61.1 a | 39.1 ± 5.4 a |
Agricultural area | 36.2 ± 20.3 b | 0.47 ± 0.29 b | 40.8 ± 12.3 b | 214.4 ± 56.9 ab | 111.8 ± 28.8 bc | 26.5 ± 3.8 b |
Residential area | 37.4 ± 20.2 b | 0.52 ± 0.26 b | 37.3 ± 12.5 b | 144.4 ± 34.8 b | 86.5 ± 30.2 c | 28.7 ± 12.9 ab |
Street dust (average ± standard deviation, mg·kg−1) | ||||||
Park | 101.8 ± 51.6 a | 6.38 ± 4.22 a | 129.8 ± 88.2 ab | 763.0 ± 426.8 a | 195.3 ± 113.0 a | 33.8 ± 14.5 a |
Roadside | 101.0 ± 48.7 a | 2.64 ± 1.41 a | 148.8 ± 51.4 a | 982.2 ± 1423.9 a | 282.6 ± 133.5 a | 47.3 ± 24.4 a |
Agricultural area | 73.5 ± 73.4 b | 2.10 ± 1.22 a | 58.2 ± 21.5 b | 188.7 ± 171.0 a | 112.3 ± 36.1 b | 20.9 ± 5.9 a |
Residential area | 244.1 ± 139.0 a | 4.52 ± 2.80 a | 186.3 ± 136.3 ab | 734.8 ± 488.9 a | 302.6 ± 287.1 a | 98.1 ± 126.8 a |
Soil (mg·kg−1) | Street Dust (mg·kg−1) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Zn | Cr | Ni | Pb | Cd | Cu | Zn | Cr | Ni | |
Park | 0.44 | 2.50 | 0.41 | 1.30 | 0.06 | −0.14 | 0.87 | 4.77 | 1.25 | 2.53 | 0.11 | −0.38 |
Roadside | 0.04 | 1.77 | 0.44 | 0.98 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 1.13 | 3.73 | 1.86 | 2.49 | 0.86 | 0.11 |
Residential area | −0.32 | 1.36 | −0.16 | 0.34 | −0.81 | −0.63 | 2.30 | 4.40 | 1.96 | 2.35 | 0.78 | 0.64 |
Agricultural area | −0.38 | 1.17 | 0.02 | 0.89 | −0.38 | −0.62 | 0.65 | 3.39 | 0.48 | 0.47 | −0.40 | −1.00 |
HQPb | HQCd | HQCu | HQZn | HQCr | HQNi | RfDing | RfDdermal | RfDinhal | HI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil | 0.264 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.135 | 0.026 | 0.423 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.448 |
Street dust | 0.903 | 0.115 | 0.076 | 0.059 | 0.287 | 0.063 | 1.368 | 0.075 | 0.004 | 1.449 |
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He, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Peng, C.; Wan, X.; Guo, Z.; Xiao, X. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Street Dust with Different Land Uses, a Case in Changsha, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010733
He Y, Zhang Y, Peng C, Wan X, Guo Z, Xiao X. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Street Dust with Different Land Uses, a Case in Changsha, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010733
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Yalei, Yan Zhang, Chi Peng, Xinxing Wan, Zhaohui Guo, and Xiyuan Xiao. 2021. "Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Street Dust with Different Land Uses, a Case in Changsha, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010733