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Volume 18
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10.3390/ijerph182010788
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Article

Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

by
Rui Zhang
1,
Jialin Fu
2,
Justin B. Moore
3,4,5,
Lee Stoner
6 and
Rui Li
2,*
1
College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
2
Department of Healthcare Management, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
3
Department of Implementation Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
4
Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
5
Department of Family & Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
6
Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27101, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10788; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010788
Submission received: 14 September 2021 / Revised: 8 October 2021 / Accepted: 11 October 2021 / Published: 14 October 2021
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Abstract

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that occurs in the body because of decreased insulin activity and/or insulin secretion. The incidence of T2DM has rapidly increased over recent decades. The relation between consumption of different types of red meats and risk of T2DM remains uncertain. This meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the associations of processed red meat (PRM) and unprocessed red meat (URM) consumption with T2DM. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library for English-language cohort studies published before January 2021. Summary relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using fixed effects and random effects. Additionally, dose–response relationships were explored using meta-regression. Fifteen studies (n = 682,963 participants, cases = 50,675) were identified. Compared with the lowest intake group, high consumption of PRM and URM increased T2DM risk by 27% (95% CI 1.15–1.40) and 15% (95% CI 1.08–1.23), respectively. These relationships were consistently strongest for U.S-based studies, though the effects of sex are inconclusive. In conclusion, PRM and URM are both positively associated with T2DM incidence, and these relationships are strongest in the U.S. reduction of red meat consumption should be explored as a target for T2DM prevention initiatives.
Keywords: processed red meat; unprocessed red meat; type 2 diabetes mellitus processed red meat; unprocessed red meat; type 2 diabetes mellitus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, R.; Fu, J.; Moore, J.B.; Stoner, L.; Li, R. Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010788

AMA Style

Zhang R, Fu J, Moore JB, Stoner L, Li R. Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010788

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Rui, Jialin Fu, Justin B. Moore, Lee Stoner, and Rui Li. 2021. "Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010788

APA Style

Zhang, R., Fu, J., Moore, J. B., Stoner, L., & Li, R. (2021). Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010788

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