High Perceived Susceptibility to and Severity of COVID-19 in Smokers Are Associated with Quitting-Related Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sampling Methods
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant’s Characteristics
3.2. Perceived Susceptibility and Severity
3.3. Quitting-Related Behaviors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (N = 659) | Perceived Susceptibility a (N = 137) | Perceived Severity b (N = 228) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | % c | Pd | % c | Pd | |
Overall | 23.9 | 41.7 | |||
Sex | 0.75 | 0.86 | |||
Male | 574 (87.1) | 23.6 | 41.5 | ||
Female | 85 (12.9) | 25.3 | 42.7 | ||
Age, years | 0.075 | 0.15 | |||
18–39 | 246 (39.0) | 23.2 | 41.7 | ||
40–59 | 285 (45.2) | 21.7 | 38.3 | ||
60+ | 99 (15.7) | 34.2 | 51.5 | ||
Education | 0.065 | 0.034 | |||
Junior secondary or below | 204 (34.2) | 28.7 | 48.5 | ||
Senior secondary | 233 (39.0) | 19.6 | 36.2 | ||
Tertiary | 160 (26.8) | 28.3 | 46.5 | ||
Heaviness of smoking e | 0.192 | 0.65 | |||
Low | 330 (56.7) | 26.2 | 40.9 | ||
Moderate/High | 282 (43.3) | 21.2 | 42.9 | ||
Psychological distress f | 0.87 | 0.63 | |||
<6 | 526 (86.5) | 23.8 | 40.7 | ||
≥6 | 82 (13.5) | 24.7 | 43.7 |
Characteristics | Quit Attempt (N = 116) | Smoking Reduction (N = 172) | Intention to Quit in 30 Days (N = 94) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% a | Pb | % a | Pb | % a | Pb | |
Overall | 17.9 | 27.9 | 14.3 | |||
Perceived susceptibility c | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
No | 12.1 | 21.6 | 10.8 | |||
Yes | 37.0 | 44.3 | 25.6 | |||
Perceived severity d | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.013 | |||
No | 10.0 | 24.7 | 11.2 | |||
Yes | 28.5 | 30.8 | 18.6 | |||
Sex | 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.48 | |||
Male | 18.0 | 28.2 | 14.6 | |||
Female | 17.1 | 25.6 | 11.8 | |||
Age, years | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.36 | |||
18–39 | 19.5 | 31.7 | 13.4 | |||
40–59 | 16.8 | 23.2 | 16.5 | |||
60+ | 17.7 | 30.1 | 11.1 | |||
Education | 0.21 | 0.99 | 0.49 | |||
Junior secondary or below | 23.0 | 28.0 | 15.2 | |||
Senior secondary | 17.0 | 28.0 | 13.7 | |||
Tertiary | 16.9 | 28.6 | 18.1 | |||
Heaviness of smoking e | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.11 | |||
Low | 22.5 | 34.2 | 17.6 | |||
Moderate/High | 11.6 | 19.4 | 12.7 | |||
Psychological distress f | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.74 | |||
<6 | 17.1 | 28.6 | 14.5 | |||
≥6 | 19.8 | 20.8 | 15.9 |
Quit Attempt | Smoking Reduction | Intention to Quit in 30 Days | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) a | P | PR (95% CI) a | P | PR (95% CI) a | P | |
Perceived susceptibility b | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 2.22 (1.41–3.49) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.21–2.51) | 0.003 | 2.31 (1.40–3.84) | 0.001 |
Perceived severity c | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.64 (1.01–2.67) | 0.046 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 0.96 | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 0.94 |
Perceived danger of COVID-19 d | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.015 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.51 | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 0.14 |
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Li, Y.; Luk, T.T.; Wu, Y.; Cheung, D.Y.T.; Li, W.H.C.; Tong, H.S.C.; Lai, V.W.Y.; Ho, S.Y.; Lam, T.H.; Wang, M.P. High Perceived Susceptibility to and Severity of COVID-19 in Smokers Are Associated with Quitting-Related Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010894
Li Y, Luk TT, Wu Y, Cheung DYT, Li WHC, Tong HSC, Lai VWY, Ho SY, Lam TH, Wang MP. High Perceived Susceptibility to and Severity of COVID-19 in Smokers Are Associated with Quitting-Related Behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010894
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yajie, Tzu Tsun Luk, Yongda Wu, Derek Yee Tak Cheung, William Ho Cheung Li, Henry Sau Chai Tong, Vienna Wai Yin Lai, Sai Yin Ho, Tai Hing Lam, and Man Ping Wang. 2021. "High Perceived Susceptibility to and Severity of COVID-19 in Smokers Are Associated with Quitting-Related Behaviors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010894