Survival Analysis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in Phuentsholing Municipality, Bhutan
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
Study Setting
3. Study Design and Study Population
4. Data Source
5. Statistical Analysis
- Mild disease: those with at least one symptom of COVID-19 (fever, fast breathing, cough, and chest x-ray (CXR) change, such as consolidation) but no signs of pneumonia;
- Severe disease: in addition to all or some COVID-19 symptoms, this group of patients had pneumonia (evidenced by CXR changes), needing antibiotics and oxygen therapy;
- Life-threatening: patients who had severe pneumonia and were haemodynamically unstable, needing intensive care unit admission.
6. Results
Descriptive Analysis
7. Survival Analysis
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Consent for Publication
References
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Characteristics | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 368 | 70.6 |
Female | 153 | 29.4 |
Age group (years) | ||
0–18 | 64 | 12.3 |
19–35 | 273 | 52.4 |
36–55 | 162 | 31.1 |
55–65 | 15 | 2.9 |
>65 | 7 | 1.3 |
Occupation | ||
Civil servant | 16 | 3.1 |
Private/corporate/business | 200 | 38.4 |
Student | 78 | 15.0 |
Farmer | 67 | 12.9 |
Armed force/uniformed personnel | 65 | 12.5 |
Homemaker | 54 | 10.4 |
Monk/nun | 28 | 5.4 |
Other * | 13 | 2.5 |
Comorbidities and pregnancies | ||
Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus | 12 | 2.3 |
Pregnant women | 4 | 0.7 |
Other ** | 3 | 0.5 |
Symptomatic | ||
No | 224 | 43 |
Yes | 290 | 56 |
Onset of symptoms | ||
Before admission | 214 | 41.1 |
On admission day | 47 | 9.0 |
During isolation | 260 | 49.9 |
Disease category among symptomatic (n = 290) | ||
Mild disease | 288 | 98.3 |
Severe pneumonia | 5 | 1.7 |
Life-threatening anddeath | 0 | 0 |
Vaccination Status | ||
Vaccinated | 191 | 36.7 |
Not vaccinated | 321 | 63.3 |
Variable | Number | Mean | Std. Dev |
---|---|---|---|
Total white cell count | 158 | 6.52 × 103 | 2.149 |
Absolute lymphocyte count | 158 | 1.88 × 103 | 0.754 |
Platelets | 131 | 239.72 × 103 | 86.546 |
Number of days of isolation stay when antibodies were detected | |||
IgM * | 30 | 17.37 | 6.054 |
IgG ** | 42 | 18.52 | 7.549 |
Variables | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | Reference | |
Female | 0.95 (0.31, 2.84) | 0.921 |
Age group (years) | ||
≤18 | Reference | |
19–30 | 3.56 (0.34, 37.12) | 0.288 |
31–40 | 2.03 (0.19, 21.66) | 0.559 |
41–50 | 1.41 (0.12, 16.03) | 0.782 |
>50 | 0.28 (0.02, 3.62) | 0.327 |
Vaccination status | ||
Non-vaccinated | Reference | |
Vaccinated | 0.23 (0.05, 0.98) | 0.047 * |
Origin of cases | ||
Returning travellers | Reference | |
Frontline workers | 14.90 (1.27, 174.09) | 0.031 * |
Indian origin | 1.95 (0.14, 26.70) | 0.616 |
Community transmission | 8.33 (0.88, 78.79) | 0.065 |
MDP worker | 41.29 (4.24, 402.36) | 0.001 * |
Occupation | ||
Private worker | Reference | |
Armed forces | 1.26 (0.32, 4.92) | 0.744 |
Student | 1.36 (0.12, 15.58) | 0.806 |
Farmer | 0.73 (0.10, 5.36) | 0.758 |
Civil servant and others | 7.21 (0.87, 59.96) | 0.067 |
Homemaker | 2.33 (0.46, 11.77) | 0.308 |
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Gyeltshen, K.; Tsheten, T.; Dorji, S.; Pelzang, T.; Wangdi, K. Survival Analysis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in Phuentsholing Municipality, Bhutan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010929
Gyeltshen K, Tsheten T, Dorji S, Pelzang T, Wangdi K. Survival Analysis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in Phuentsholing Municipality, Bhutan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010929
Chicago/Turabian StyleGyeltshen, Kinley, Tsheten Tsheten, Sither Dorji, Thinley Pelzang, and Kinley Wangdi. 2021. "Survival Analysis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in Phuentsholing Municipality, Bhutan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010929