Research on the Impacts of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations on Green Productivity in China: The Moderating Roles of Technical Change and Efficiency Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Environmental Regulations
2.2. Green Productivity
2.3. Environmental Regulations and Green Productivity
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Variables Calculation
3.1.1. Dependent Variable
3.1.2. Moderating Variables
3.1.3. Key Explanatory Variables
3.1.4. Control Variables
3.2. Data Source
3.3. Model Specification
4. Empirical Results and Analysis
4.1. Full Sample Estimation
4.2. Subsample Estimations in Different Regions
5. Conclusions, Policy Implications, and Research Prospects
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implications
5.3. Research Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Unit | N | Mean | S.D. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ML | — | 540 | 1.064 | 0.141 | 0.504 | 1.939 |
TC | — | 540 | 1.049 | 0.125 | 0.543 | 1.939 |
EC | — | 540 | 1.015 | 0.079 | 0.717 | 1.658 |
ER_Command–control | 104 Person/piece | 540 | 1.979 | 2.257 | 0.015 | 16.636 |
ER_Market incentive | Yuan | 540 | 12.577 | 10.043 | 1.457 | 84.687 |
ER_Public participation | 104 Person/piece | 540 | 0.107 | 0.066 | 0.004 | 0.724 |
PD | 103 Person/km2 | 540 | 2.388 | 1.357 | 0.056 | 6.307 |
ED | 104 Yuan | 540 | 3.331 | 2.591 | 0.300 | 15.310 |
ECS | — | 540 | 0.461 | 0.158 | 0.016 | 0.804 |
GI | — | 540 | 0.211 | 0.104 | 0.077 | 0.758 |
OS | — | 540 | 0.586 | 0.126 | 0.192 | 0.901 |
INF | Meter | 540 | 2.986 | 2.203 | 0.000 | 13.991 |
FDI | — | 540 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.146 |
Variables | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.041 * | 0.014 | −0.024 | 0.018 | ||||
(−1.696) | (0.595) | (−0.935) | (0.734) | |||||
MLi,t−2 | −0.105 *** | −0.095 *** | ||||||
(−4.899) | (−3.627) | |||||||
W*MLit | 0.137 *** | 0.138 *** | 0.136 *** | 0.137 *** | ||||
(3.117) | (3.052) | (3.097) | (3.030) | |||||
ERit | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
(0.835) | (0.429) | (0.770) | (0.760) | (0.522) | (0.821) | (0.539) | (0.558) | |
Mit | 0.930 *** | 0.924 *** | 0.856 *** | 0.830 *** | 0.926 *** | 0.937 *** | 0.850 *** | 0.827 *** |
(33.964) | (58.694) | (28.192) | (24.450) | (33.324) | (33.414) | (27.403) | (24.181) | |
Mit*ERit | −0.014 | −0.006 | −0.014 | −0.011 | ||||
(−1.072) | (−0.654) | (−1.058) | (−0.827) | |||||
W*ERit | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | ||||
(−0.954) | (−1.236) | (−0.933) | (−1.260) | |||||
W*Mit | 0.028 | 0.065 | 0.032 | 0.064 | ||||
(0.512) | (1.126) | (0.561) | (1.091) | |||||
W*Mit*ERit | 0.001 | −0.006 | ||||||
(0.034) | (−0.256) | |||||||
Constant | 0.172 *** | 0.388 *** | 1.142 *** | 1.481 *** | ||||
(2.627) | (3.021) | (19.136) | (11.012) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR(1) | [0.000] | [0.000] | ||||||
AR(2) | [0.296] | [0.320] | ||||||
Sargan | [1.000] | [1.000] | ||||||
R-squared | 0.709 | 0.636 | 0.597 | 0.710 | 0.644 | 0.608 | ||
N | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 |
Variables | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.201 *** | −0.023 | −0.198 *** | −0.020 | ||||
(−5.063) | (−0.736) | (−4.514) | (−0.622) | |||||
MLi,t−2 | −0.288 *** | −0.338 *** | ||||||
(−7.836) | (−6.149) | |||||||
W*MLit | 0.432 *** | 0.462 *** | 0.431 *** | 0.460 *** | ||||
(12.727) | (13.635) | (12.669) | (13.568) | |||||
ERit | −0.006 | −0.004 ** | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.006 * | −0.005 *** | −0.004 | −0.003 |
(−1.621) | (−2.441) | (−1.289) | (−1.157) | (−1.736) | (−3.149) | (−1.176) | (−1.023) | |
Mit | 0.767 *** | 0.666 *** | 0.706 *** | 0.709 *** | 0.757 *** | 0.768 *** | 0.697 *** | 0.699 *** |
(10.711) | (4.687) | (12.045) | (12.746) | (10.555) | (5.804) | (11.815) | (12.520) | |
Mit*ERit | −0.051 | 0.035 | −0.009 | −0.006 | ||||
(−1.460) | (1.180) | (−0.326) | (−0.239) | |||||
W*ERit | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | ||||
(0.271) | (0.141) | (0.182) | (0.025) | |||||
W*Mit | −0.060 | −0.068 | −0.100 | −0.107 | ||||
(−0.711) | (−0.851) | (−1.132) | (−1.282) | |||||
W*Mit*ERit | −0.063 | −0.066 * | ||||||
(−1.463) | (−1.646) | |||||||
Constant | 0.301 ** | 0.577 * | 1.071 *** | 1.078 *** | ||||
(2.418) | (1.892) | (11.073) | (5.033) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR(1) | [0.001] | [0.001] | ||||||
AR(2) | [0.168] | [0.076] | ||||||
Sargan | [1.000] | [1.000] | ||||||
R-squared | 0.218 | 0.134 | 0.139 | 0.222 | 0.130 | 0.129 | ||
N | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 |
Variables | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.022 ** | 0.019 | −0.016 | 0.017 | ||||
(−2.019) | (0.756) | (−0.658) | (0.690) | |||||
MLi,t−2 | −0.088 *** | −0.076 *** | ||||||
(−6.397) | (−3.420) | |||||||
W*MLit | 0.135 *** | 0.133 *** | 0.137 *** | 0.138 *** | ||||
(3.054) | (2.936) | (3.116) | (3.051) | |||||
ERit | −0.000 | 0.001 *** | −0.000 | −0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | −0.001 |
(−0.235) | (3.568) | (−0.251) | (−0.770) | (−0.406) | (0.496) | (−0.337) | (−0.849) | |
Mit | 0.930 *** | 0.905 *** | 0.857 *** | 0.832 *** | 0.932 *** | 0.903 *** | 0.873 *** | 0.845 *** |
(33.526) | (44.738) | (28.118) | (24.278) | (33.604) | (26.029) | (27.957) | (24.559) | |
Mit*ERit | 0.004 | 0.006 *** | 0.004 | 0.005 * | ||||
(1.534) | (7.631) | (1.498) | (1.714) | |||||
W*ERit | −0.001 | −0.000 | −0.000 | −0.000 | ||||
(−0.709) | (−0.313) | (−0.555) | (−0.037) | |||||
W*Mit | 0.037 | 0.074 | 0.022 | 0.062 | ||||
(0.679) | (1.277) | (0.394) | (1.071) | |||||
W*Mit*ERit | −0.006** | −0.008 ** | ||||||
(−2.081) | (−2.367) | |||||||
Constant | 0.174 *** | 0.253 *** | 1.144 *** | 1.171 *** | ||||
(2.645) | (4.193) | (19.195) | (10.108) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR(1) | [0.001] | [0.001] | ||||||
AR(2) | [0.322] | [0.251] | ||||||
Sargan | [1.000] | [1.000] | ||||||
R-squared | 0.709 | 0.636 | 0.603 | 0.710 | 0.638 | 0.607 | ||
N | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 |
Variables | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.139 *** | −0.052 | −0.130 *** | −0.050 | ||||
(−6.327) | (−1.641) | (−3.388) | (−1.576) | |||||
MLi,t−2 | −0.232 *** | −0.180 *** | ||||||
(−14.386) | (−4.673) | |||||||
W*MLit | 0.414 *** | 0.450 *** | 0.414 *** | 0.449 *** | ||||
(11.969) | (13.208) | (11.982) | (13.203) | |||||
ERit | 0.003 *** | 0.003 *** | 0.001 * | 0.001 | 0.003 *** | 0.002 *** | 0.001 * | 0.001 |
(3.643) | (7.204) | (1.815) | (1.461) | (3.397) | (6.212) | (1.665) | (1.186) | |
Mit | 0.766 *** | 0.807 *** | 0.711 *** | 0.717 *** | 0.767 *** | 0.838 *** | 0.710 *** | 0.715 *** |
(10.832) | (10.893) | (12.194) | (13.049) | (10.830) | (7.701) | (12.174) | (13.024) | |
Mit*ERit | 0.003 | 0.005 *** | 0.003 | 0.003 | ||||
(0.555) | (2.881) | (0.700) | (0.840) | |||||
W*ERit | 0.002 ** | 0.003 *** | 0.002 * | 0.003 *** | ||||
(2.158) | (2.998) | (1.728) | (2.623) | |||||
W*Mit | −0.030 | −0.037 | −0.036 | −0.041 | ||||
(−0.353) | (−0.464) | (−0.427) | (−0.510) | |||||
W*Mit*ERit | 0.004 | 0.002 | ||||||
(0.765) | (0.301) | |||||||
Constant | 0.306 ** | 0.046 | 1.120 *** | 1.198 *** | ||||
(2.483) | (0.160) | (11.514) | (11.593) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR(1) | [0.001] | [0.001] | ||||||
AR(2) | [0.489] | [0.710] | ||||||
Sargan | [1.000] | [1.000] | ||||||
R-squared | 0.234 | 0.161 | 0.180 | 0.235 | 0.162 | 0.183 | ||
N | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 |
Variables | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.066 *** | 0.012 | −0.067 *** | 0.009 | ||||
(−4.222) | (0.496) | (−3.888) | (0.356) | |||||
MLi,t−2 | −0.124 *** | −0.126 *** | ||||||
(−5.620) | (−5.715) | |||||||
W*MLit | 0.138 *** | 0.138 *** | 0.141 *** | 0.142 *** | ||||
(3.132) | (3.055) | (3.204) | (3.146) | |||||
ERit | 0.009 | −0.100 ** | 0.065 | 0.057 | 0.007 | −0.089 ** | 0.060 | 0.053 |
(0.140) | (−2.422) | (1.051) | (0.897) | (0.104) | (−2.016) | (0.971) | (0.848) | |
Mit | 0.929 *** | 0.879 *** | 0.854 *** | 0.828 *** | 0.925 *** | 0.889 *** | 0.837 *** | 0.802 *** |
(33.959) | (35.511) | (28.162) | (24.397) | (30.675) | (26.645) | (25.170) | (21.297) | |
Mit*ERit | −0.174 | 0.451 | −0.652 | −0.787 | ||||
(−0.304) | (0.561) | (−1.193) | (−1.339) | |||||
W*ERit | −0.028 | −0.037 | −0.030 | −0.051 | ||||
(−0.264) | (−0.341) | (−0.282) | (−0.478) | |||||
W*Mit | 0.031 | 0.067 | 0.064 | 0.136 ** | ||||
(0.560) | (1.174) | (1.089) | (2.132) | |||||
W*Mit*ERit | 1.198 | 2.104 ** | ||||||
(1.514) | (2.386) | |||||||
Constant | 0.174 *** | 0.331 *** | 1.151 *** | 1.247 *** | ||||
(2.649) | (3.766) | (19.473) | (13.066) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR(1) | [0.001] | [0.001] | ||||||
AR(2) | [0.389] | [0.406] | ||||||
Sargan | [1.000] | [1.000] | ||||||
R-squared | 0.709 | 0.637 | 0.606 | 0.709 | 0.637 | 0.604 | ||
N | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 |
Variables | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model | OLS Model (FE) | Dynamic Non-Spatial Model (SYS-GMM) | Static Spatial Durbin Model | Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.138 *** | −0.029 | −0.152 *** | −0.036 | ||||
(−4.215) | (−0.926) | (−4.513) | (−1.148) | |||||
MLi,t−2 | −0.204 *** | −0.207 *** | ||||||
(−7.009) | (−7.729) | |||||||
W*MLit | 0.430 *** | 0.460 *** | 0.432 *** | 0.465 *** | ||||
(12.618) | (13.546) | (12.710) | (13.783) | |||||
ERit | −0.077 | −0.195 *** | 0.002 | 0.012 | −0.053 | −0.188 * | 0.032 | 0.055 |
(−0.731) | (−4.405) | (0.025) | (0.143) | (−0.498) | (−1.699) | (0.360) | (0.654) | |
Mit | 0.761 *** | 0.690 *** | 0.703 *** | 0.706 *** | 0.760 *** | 0.697 *** | 0.700 *** | 0.702 *** |
(10.624) | (12.268) | (11.997) | (12.717) | (10.614) | (12.885) | (11.979) | (12.749) | |
Mit*ERit | 1.137 | 0.650 | 1.292 * | 1.669 ** | ||||
(1.177) | (0.366) | (1.664) | (2.289) | |||||
W*ERit | −0.226 | −0.185 | −0.252 | −0.248 * | ||||
(−1.520) | (−1.319) | (−1.615) | (−1.672) | |||||
W*Mit | −0.061 | −0.071 | −0.064 | −0.090 | ||||
(−0.724) | (−0.887) | (−0.727) | (−1.074) | |||||
W*Mit*ERit | −0.567 | −1.516 | ||||||
(−0.373) | (−1.029) | |||||||
Constant | 0.310 ** | 0.425 *** | 1.070 *** | 0.986 *** | ||||
(2.478) | (3.558) | (11.030) | (6.139) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
AR(1) | [0.000] | [0.001] | ||||||
AR(2) | [0.875] | [0.759] | ||||||
Sargan | [1.000] | [1.000] | ||||||
R-squared | 0.215 | 0.135 | 0.142 | 0.217 | 0.136 | 0.144 | ||
N | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 | 540 | 480 | 540 | 510 |
Variables | Command–Control | Market-Incentive | Public-Participation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
MLi,t−1 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.007 |
(0.375) | (0.378) | (0.480) | (0.645) | (0.247) | (0.201) | |
W*MLit | 0.032 | 0.062 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
(0.386) | (0.753) | (0.362) | (0.373) | (0.018) | (0.033) | |
ERit | −0.003 | −0.001 | −0.002 ** | −0.002 ** | 0.074 | 0.127 |
(−1.213) | (−0.677) | (−2.046) | (−2.037) | (0.725) | (1.199) | |
Mit | 0.976 *** | 0.969 *** | 0.968 *** | 0.972 *** | 0.957 *** | 0.907 *** |
(19.385) | (20.529) | (18.777) | (17.775) | (18.307) | (15.283) | |
Mit*ERit | 0.024 * | −0.002 | −1.294 | |||
(1.824) | (−0.408) | (−1.539) | ||||
W*ERit | 0.010 *** | 0.003 | −0.000 | −0.001 | −0.056 | −0.129 |
(3.681) | (1.224) | (−0.427) | (−0.652) | (−0.527) | (−1.135) | |
W*Mit | 0.120 | 0.055 | 0.108 | 0.102 | 0.094 | 0.133 |
(1.136) | (0.542) | (1.014) | (0.951) | (0.886) | (1.232) | |
W*Mit*ERit | −0.122 *** | −0.008 | 1.577 | |||
(−5.536) | (−0.905) | (1.498) | ||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
R-squared | 0.675 | 0.803 | 0.520 | 0.522 | 0.569 | 0.586 |
N | 187 | 187 | 187 | 187 | 187 | 187 |
Variables | Command–Control | Market-Incentive | Public-Participation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.076 | −0.079 | −0.083 | −0.071 | −0.092 * | −0.097 * |
(−1.480) | (−1.531) | (−1.618) | (−1.363) | (−1.739) | (−1.836) | |
W*MLit | 0.436 *** | 0.405 *** | 0.440 *** | 0.424 *** | 0.445 *** | 0.445 *** |
(7.849) | (7.053) | (7.973) | (7.607) | (8.082) | (8.066) | |
ERit | −0.002 | −0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.069 | 0.121 |
(−0.629) | (−0.198) | (1.405) | (1.272) | (0.456) | (0.758) | |
Mit | 0.928 *** | 1.016 *** | 0.888 *** | 0.991 *** | 0.881 *** | 0.848 *** |
(8.393) | (8.669) | (8.242) | (7.792) | (8.337) | (7.616) | |
Mit*ERit | −0.100 ** | −0.022 | 1.779 | |||
(−2.179) | (−1.535) | (0.853) | ||||
W*ERit | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.003 * | −0.003 ** | −0.231 | −0.310 |
(−1.001) | (−1.202) | (−1.802) | (−2.107) | (−1.486) | (−1.465) | |
W*Mit | −0.234 | 0.052 | −0.465 ** | −0.119 | −0.406 ** | −0.374 * |
(−1.057) | (0.202) | (−2.137) | (−0.437) | (−1.982) | (−1.751) | |
W*Mit*ERit | −0.207 ** | −0.051 ** | −1.475 | |||
(−2.240) | (−2.162) | (−0.465) | ||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
R-squared | 0.202 | 0.361 | 0.241 | 0.279 | 0.194 | 0.193 |
N | 187 | 187 | 187 | 187 | 187 | 187 |
Variables | Command–Control | Market-Incentive | Public-Participation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
MLi,t−1 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.002 | −0.002 | −0.010 |
(0.037) | (0.257) | (0.136) | (0.053) | (−0.062) | (−0.313) | |
W*MLit | 0.133 ** | 0.135 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.132 ** | 0.127 ** | 0.133 ** |
(2.395) | (2.438) | (2.258) | (2.384) | (2.292) | (2.403) | |
ERit | 0.006 | 0.005 | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.062 | 0.070 |
(1.306) | (1.204) | (−0.918) | (−0.961) | (0.747) | (0.850) | |
Mit | 0.818 *** | 0.810 *** | 0.818 *** | 0.832 *** | 0.818 *** | 0.786 *** |
(18.796) | (18.387) | (18.281) | (18.530) | (18.740) | (16.109) | |
Mit*ERit | −0.034 | 0.006 * | −0.636 | |||
(−1.465) | (1.799) | (−0.813) | ||||
W*ERit | −0.009 | −0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.150 | 0.148 |
(−1.515) | (−1.493) | (0.231) | (0.310) | (0.939) | (0.932) | |
W*Mit | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.039 | 0.019 | 0.036 | 0.135 * |
(0.354) | (0.403) | (0.556) | (0.262) | (0.518) | (1.655) | |
W*Mit*ERit | 0.006 | −0.006 * | 2.733 ** | |||
(0.134) | (−1.688) | (2.323) | ||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
R-squared | 0.580 | 0.585 | 0.582 | 0.588 | 0.575 | 0.590 |
N | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 |
Variables | Command–Control | Market-Incentive | Public-Participation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
MLi,t−1 | −0.047 | −0.045 | −0.089 ** | −0.086 ** | −0.047 | −0.053 |
(−1.159) | (−1.126) | (−2.209) | (−2.105) | (−1.172) | (−1.307) | |
W*MLit | 0.418 *** | 0.419 *** | 0.394 *** | 0.394 *** | 0.417 *** | 0.420 *** |
(10.089) | (10.106) | (9.432) | (9.420) | (10.025) | (10.140) | |
ERit | −0.002 | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.008 | 0.033 |
(−0.276) | (−0.337) | (1.329) | (1.191) | (−0.081) | (0.302) | |
Mit | 0.695 *** | 0.685 *** | 0.708 *** | 0.707 *** | 0.698 *** | 0.697 *** |
(10.172) | (9.824) | (10.688) | (10.649) | (10.261) | (10.306) | |
Mit*ERit | −0.001 | 0.001 | 1.279 | |||
(−0.016) | (0.252) | (1.486) | ||||
W*ERit | −0.000 | −0.001 | 0.005 *** | 0.005 *** | −0.190 | −0.218 |
(−0.013) | (−0.106) | (3.922) | (3.187) | (−0.938) | (−1.032) | |
W*Mit | −0.126 | −0.158 | −0.091 | −0.094 | −0.123 | −0.135 |
(−1.338) | (−1.517) | (−0.988) | (−1.017) | (−1.309) | (−1.336) | |
W*Mit*ERit | −0.057 | 0.002 | −0.859 | |||
(−0.749) | (0.334) | (−0.498) | ||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
R-squared | 0.131 | 0.125 | 0.166 | 0.167 | 0.143 | 0.146 |
N | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 | 323 |
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Feng, Y.; Geng, Y.; Liang, Z.; Shen, Q.; Xia, X. Research on the Impacts of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations on Green Productivity in China: The Moderating Roles of Technical Change and Efficiency Change. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111449
Feng Y, Geng Y, Liang Z, Shen Q, Xia X. Research on the Impacts of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations on Green Productivity in China: The Moderating Roles of Technical Change and Efficiency Change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111449
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Yanchao, Yong Geng, Zhou Liang, Qiong Shen, and Xiqiang Xia. 2021. "Research on the Impacts of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations on Green Productivity in China: The Moderating Roles of Technical Change and Efficiency Change" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111449