The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Families’ Mental Health: The Role Played by Parenting Stress, Parents’ Past Trauma, and Resilience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Families’ Daily Life
1.2. Psychopathological Symptoms Due to COVID-19 in Parents and Children, and Parenting Stress
1.3. The Role of Parents’Past Trauma and Resilience, and Their Complex Interplay with Parents’ Psychopathological Symptoms Due to COVID-19 and Parenting Stress
1.4. The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
Questionnaire Design
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Association between the Variables under Study
3.2. Main Effects of Parents’ Peritraumatic Distress Due to COVID-19, Past Trauma, and Parenting Stress on Children’s Psychological Difficulties
3.3. Parents’ Peritraumatic Distress Due to COVID-19 and Parenting Stress as Serial Mediators for Effects of Parents’ Traumatic Experiences and Resilience on Children’s Psychopathological Difficulties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |||||||||
| 0.15 ** | 1 | ||||||||
| 0.15 ** | 0.52 ** | 1 | |||||||
| 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 1 | ||||||
| −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.17 ** | −0.003 | 1 | |||||
| −0.25 ** | −0.01 | −0.002 | −0.09 | 0.19 ** | 1 | ||||
| −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.11 * | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.19 ** | 1 | |||
| 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.003 | −0.27 ** | −0.07 | 1 | ||
| 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.15 ** | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.23 ** | 0.10 | −0.28 ** | 1 | |
| −0.14 ** | −0.007 | −0.09 | −0.006 | 0.07 | 0.17 ** | 0.21 ** | −0.007 | 0.19 ** | 1 |
Adjusted Coefficients | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | t | p | ||
Covariates | ||||
Parents’ age | 0.06 | 1.05 | 0.29 | |
Children’s age | −0.14 | −2.26 | 0.02 * | |
COVID-Risk Index | 0.06 | 1.16 | 0.24 | |
Predictors | ||||
TEC | 0.16 | 3.05 | 0.002 ** | |
CPDI | 0.09 | 1.72 | 0.08 | |
PSI | 0.17 | 3.24 | 0.001 *** | |
R2 | 0.10 | |||
R2 change | 0.08 |
Indirect Effect | Effect (BootSE) | LLCI | ULCI |
---|---|---|---|
TEC › CPDI › SDQ | 0.04(0.03) | −0.003 | 0.12 |
TEC › PSI › SDQ | 0.03(0.02) | −0.01 | 0.10 |
TEC › CPDI › PSI › SDQ | 0.01(0.01) | 0.01 | 0.04 |
CD-RISC › CPDI › SDQ | −0.01(0.01) | −0.03 | −0.002 |
CD-RISC › PSI › SDQ | −0.01(0.01) | −0.03 | −0.003 |
CD-RISC › CPDI › PSI › SDQ | −0.01(0.01) | −0.01 | −0.001 |
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Marzilli, E.; Cerniglia, L.; Tambelli, R.; Trombini, E.; De Pascalis, L.; Babore, A.; Trumello, C.; Cimino, S. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Families’ Mental Health: The Role Played by Parenting Stress, Parents’ Past Trauma, and Resilience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111450
Marzilli E, Cerniglia L, Tambelli R, Trombini E, De Pascalis L, Babore A, Trumello C, Cimino S. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Families’ Mental Health: The Role Played by Parenting Stress, Parents’ Past Trauma, and Resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111450
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzilli, Eleonora, Luca Cerniglia, Renata Tambelli, Elena Trombini, Leonardo De Pascalis, Alessandra Babore, Carmen Trumello, and Silvia Cimino. 2021. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Families’ Mental Health: The Role Played by Parenting Stress, Parents’ Past Trauma, and Resilience" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111450