Adolescents’ Alcohol Use: Does the Type of Leisure Activity Matter? A Cross-National Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Association Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Netherlands | Spain/Peru (Your Life 1) | Final Paring |
---|---|---|
Alcohol use past 12 months (times) | Alcohol use past 12 months | Yearly alcohol use (YAU) |
0 | Never | Never (0) |
1 | Less than one day a month | Any use (1) |
2–9 | 1–3 days a month | |
10 or more | 3 or more days a week | |
Binge drinking past 12 months (times) | Binge drinking past 12 months | Yearly binge drinking (YBD) |
0 | Never | Never (0) |
1 | Less than one day in a month | Any event (1) |
2–9 | 1–3 days in a month | |
10 or more | 3 or more days in a week | |
Family situation | Marital status of parents | Family situation (FS) |
Yes, both parents | They have never married (each other) | Both parents (1) |
Married | ||
No, my parents are divorced | Separated/divorced, but neither has remarried, nor has a stable partner | Just one parent (0) |
No, my father passed away | ||
No, my mother passed away | ||
Other, namely… | Other | Missing |
Socioeconomic status of the family | Socio economic status of the school | Socioeconomic status (SES) |
Very rich | High income | High income |
Quite rich | ||
Average | Average income | Average income |
Not that rich | Low income | Low income |
Not rich at all | ||
Self-Control | Self-Control | Self-Control (SC) |
I’m good at working towards goals far into the future. | I plan the things I do. | Tertiles of the average of the items. |
Having fun leads to me not finishing my work. | I usually finish what I start. | |
I often do things without thinking them through in advance. | I do things without thinking. | |
Family leisure | Family leisure | Familiar leisure (FL) |
Playing games inside together (e.g., board games, computer games). | We do sports, outings, or excursions, play board games. | Tertiles of the average of the items. |
Going somewhere together (e.g., to the city, the beach, shopping, sports matches). | I usually dine with my parents. | |
Exercising together. | They talk with you [your parents] about your interests (your hobbies, the things you like…) | |
Going for a walk together. | [Your parents:]—They have time to talk to you. | |
Eating together. | ||
Talking about things together. | ||
Visiting family or friends together. | ||
Watching television, a movie, or a series together. | ||
Structured leisure | Structured leisure | Structured leisure (SL) |
Voluntary work (e.g., at a sports club or an institution). | Volunteering (collaborating with an NGO, charity, etc.) | Tertiles of the average of the items. |
Artistic or cultural activities (e.g., museum/theatre visits, making music, acting, or painting). | Making things together or attending artistic and formative activities (music, painting, theater, courses, talks, catechesis, etc.) | |
Exercising (e.g., football/soccer, tennis, hockey, or fitness). | Participating in sports, going to the mountains, etc. | |
Unstructured leisure | Unstructured leisure | Unstructured leisure (UL) |
Hanging out with friends at home, without supervision of parents. | Hang out on the street, in a park, on the beach, or in other public places. | Tertiles of the average of the items. |
Other leisure activities (e.g., shopping, visiting sports matches, playing pool). | Meeting in a place where you are only the group of friends, without adults present. | |
Hanging out in shopping centers, games rooms, billiards, soccer stadium, etc. |
Characteristic | The Netherlands N = 2102 % | Peru N = 1276 % | Spain N = 1230 % |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 47.8 | 39.7 | 35.6 |
Female | 52.2 | 60.3 | 64.4 |
Age group | |||
Early adolescents | 42.1 | 58.5 | 55.2 |
Late adolescents | 57.9 | 41.5 | 44.8 |
Family structure | |||
One parent | 17.8 | 13.1 | 14.2 |
Both parents | 82.2 | 86.9 | 85.8 |
Socioeconomic level | |||
Low | 66.4 | 63.1 | 73.8 |
High | 33.6 | 36.9 | 26.2 |
Self-control | |||
Low | 38.2 | 26.7 | 24.8 |
Middle | 33.2 | 38.5 | 39.5 |
High | 28.6 | 34.8 | 35.7 |
Structured leisure | |||
Low | 20.2 | 30.7 | 25.3 |
Middle | 47.8 | 32.1 | 36.2 |
High | 32.0 | 37.2 | 38.5 |
Unstructured leisure | |||
Low | 26.0 | 38.0 | 36.9 |
Middle | 44.2 | 37.2 | 38.2 |
High | 29.8 | 24.8 | 24.9 |
Family leisure | |||
Low | 35.0 | 27.5 | 37.9 |
Middle | 32.3 | 37.7 | 23.2 |
High | 32.7 | 34.8 | 38.9 |
Yearly alcohol use | |||
Never | 54.3 | 78.6 | 66.3 |
Any | 45.7 | 21.4 | 33.7 |
Yearly binge drinking | |||
Never | 68.4 | 91.4 | 85.7 |
Any | 31.6 | 8.6 | 14.3 |
Item | N | Yearly Alcohol Use (%) 1 | Probability of χ2 test | Yearly Binge Drinking (%) 2 | Probability of χ2 Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Any | No | Any | ||||
Demographics | |||||||
Country | |||||||
The Netherlands | 2102 | 54.3 | 45.7 | <0.001 | 68.4 | 31.6 | <0.001 |
Peru | 1276 | 78.6 | 21.4 | 91.4 | 8.6 | ||
Spain | 1230 | 66.3 | 33.7 | 85.7 | 14.3 | ||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 1949 | 65.7 | 34.3 | 0.071 | 80.7 | 19.3 | 0.057 |
Female | 2659 | 63.1 | 36.9 | 78.4 | 21.6 | ||
Age group | |||||||
Early adolescents | 2309 | 85.2 | 14.8 | <0.001 | 94.7 | 5.3 | <0.001 |
Late adolescents | 2299 | 43.2 | 56.8 | 64.0 | 36.0 | ||
Family structure | |||||||
One parent | 717 | 54.1 | 45.9 | <0.001 | 72.0 | 28.0 | <0.001 |
Both parents | 3891 | 66.1 | 33.9 | 80.8 | 19.2 | ||
Socioeconomic status | |||||||
Low | 3109 | 65.1 | 34.9 | 0.089 | 80.2 | 19.8 | 0.044 |
High | 1499 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 77.7 | 22.3 | ||
Behaviors 3 | |||||||
Self-control | |||||||
Low | 1448 | 56.1 | 43.9 | <0.001 | 73.3 | 26.7 | <0.001 |
Average | 1675 | 64.4 | 35.6 | 79.7 | 20.3 | ||
High | 1485 | 72.1 | 27.9 | 85.0 | 15.0 | ||
Structured leisure | |||||||
Low | 1127 | 67.2 | 32.8 | <0.001 | 79.8 | 20.2 | 0.140 |
Average | 1860 | 60.7 | 39.3 | 78.0 | 22.0 | ||
High | 1621 | 66.3 | 33.7 | 80.7 | 19.3 | ||
Unstructured leisure | |||||||
Low | 1486 | 80.2 | 19.8 | <0.001 | 91.3 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
Average | 1874 | 60.8 | 39.2 | 76.9 | 23.1 | ||
High | 1248 | 50.4 | 49.6 | 68.8 | 31.2 | ||
Family leisure | |||||||
Low | 1553 | 53.6 | 46.4 | <0.001 | 28.3 | 27.2 | <0.001 |
Average | 1445 | 64.4 | 35.6 | 19.8 | 19.1 | ||
High | 1610 | 74.3 | 25.7 | 13.9 | 13.4 |
Independent Variables | The Netherlands | Peru | Spain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (CI 95%) | Adj. OR (CI 95%) | OR (CI 95%) | Adj. OR (CI 95%) | OR (CI 95%) | Adj. OR (CI 95%) | |
Female (Ref = male) | 1.28 (1.08–1.52) 1 | 1.18 (0.97–1.45) | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) | 1.34 (0.96–1.87) | 1.11 (0.87–1.43) | 1.26 (0.91–1.74) |
Both parents (Ref = one parent) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.72 (0.56–0.93) | 0.57 (0.40–0.82) | 0.66 (0.43–1.00) | 0.57 (0.41–0.79) | 0.57 (0.39–0.85) |
High income (Ref = low income) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 1.19 (0.96–1.47) | 2.22 (1.69–2.91) | 2.14 (1.54–2.98) | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 1.19 (0.83–1.72) |
Late adolescence (Ref = early adolescence) | 7.11 (5.81–8.70) | 6.88 (5.58–8.49) | 5.85 (4.33–7.91) | 5.40 (3.91–7.47) | 8.86 (6.72–11.68) | 9.00 (6.65–12.19) |
Structured leisure (Ref = low level) | ||||||
High | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.95 (0.72–1.27) | 1.47 (1.04–2.06) | 1.19 (0.79–1.77) | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) |
Middle | 0.96 (0.76–1.20) | 1.01 (0.78–1.32) | 1.48 (1.05–2.10) | 1.47 (0.98–2.20) | 1.28 (0.95–1.74) | 1.51 (1.05–2.18) |
Unstructured leisure (Ref = low level) | ||||||
High | 2.72 (2.14–3.45) | 3.2 (2.43–4.23) | 7.84 (5.22–11.8) | 6.21 (3.98–9.71) | 4.15 (3.01–5.73) | 4.57 (3.13–6.66) |
Middle | 2.12 (1.70–2.65) | 2.10 (1.63–2.70) | 3.98 (2.67–5.94) | 3.28 (2.14–5.03) | 2.29 (1.70–3.09) | 2.18 (1.55–3.07) |
Family leisure (Ref =low level) | ||||||
High | 0.40 (0.32–0.50) | 0.41 (0.32–0.53) | 0.45 (0.31–0.64) | 0.43 (0.28–0.66) | 0.38 (0.28–0.50) | 0.39 (0.28–0.55) |
Middle | 0.57 (0.46–0.70) | 0.58 (0.45–0.73) | 0.94 (0.68–1.28) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 0.67 (0.50–0.91) | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) |
Independent Variables | The Netherlands | Peru | Spain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (CI 95%) | Adj. OR (CI 95%) | OR (CI 95%) | Adj. OR (CI 95%) | OR (CI 95%) | Adj. OR (CI 95%) | |
Female (Ref = male) | 1.51 (1.26–1.82) 1 | 1.47 (1.19–1.83) | 1.12 (0.75–1.67) | 1.05 (0.67–1.65) | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) |
Both parents (Ref = one parent) | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 0.47 (0.29–0.76) | 0.55 (0.32–0.93) | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) | 0.79 (0.49–1.25) |
High income (Ref = low income) | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 1.38 (1.09–1.73) | 2.12 (1.43–3.14) | 1.88 (1.20–2.95) | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) | 0.86 (0.53–1.40) |
Late adolescence (Ref = early adolescence) | 10.67 (8.17–13.91) | 10.45 (7.94–13.74) | 9.84 (5.71–16.93) | 8.53 (4.89–14.9) | 6.33 (4.28–9.35) | 5.67 (3.76–8.54) |
Structured leisure (Ref = low level) | ||||||
High | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | 1.19 (0.74–1.93) | 0.88 (0.51–1.52) | 0.62 (0.42–0.94) | 0.72 (0.46–1.13) |
Middle | 0.86 (0.68–1.10) | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) | 1.09 (0.66–1.80) | 0.97 (0.55–1.69) | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 0.75 (0.49–1.17) |
Unstructured leisure (Ref = low level) | ||||||
High | 3.24 (2.46–4.27) | 3.89 (2.84–5.33) | 7.65 (4.10–14.27) | 5.5 (2.82–10.71) | 7.00 (4.33–11.33) | 7.11 (4.27–11.84) |
Middle | 2.65 (2.04–3.44) | 2.67 (1.99–3.57) | 3.52 (1.87–6.65) | 2.76 (1.42–5.39) | 2.93 (1.80–4.76) | 2.70 (1.63–4.49) |
Family leisure (Ref =low level) | ||||||
High | 0.40 (0.32–0.51) | 0.41 (0.31–0.53) | 0.47 (0.28–0.79) | 0.53 (0.30–0.95) | 0.42 (0.29–0.62) | 0.48 (0.32–0.73) |
Middle | 0.63 (0.51–0.79) | 0.64 (0.49–0.82) | 0.74 (0.47–1.17) | 0.69 (0.42–1.15) | 0.53 (0.35–0.81) | 0.48 (0.30–0.76) |
Effect | YAU | YBD | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Netherlands | Peru | Spain | The Netherlands | Peru | Spain | |||||||
Wald χ2 | Pr > χ2 | Wald χ2 | Pr > χ2 | Wald χ2 | Pr > χ2 | Wald χ2 | Pr > χ2 | Wald χ2 | Pr > χ2 | Wald χ2 | Pr > χ2 | |
Sex | 4.34 | 0.04 * | 2.84 | 0.09 | 2.34 | 0.13 | 14.10 | <0.01 * | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.55 | 0.46 |
Family structure | 5.78 | 0.02 * | 4.45 | 0.04 * | 6.88 | 0.01 * | 5.34 | 0.02 * | 4.71 | 0.03 * | 1.29 | 0.26 |
Socioeconomical status | 2.90 | 0.09 | 19.78 | <0.01 * | 0.61 | 0.43 | 7.64 | 0.01 * | 7.72 | 0.01 * | 0.43 | 0.51 |
Age group | 322.63 | <0.01 * | 104.04 | <0.01 * | 200.24 | <0.01 * | 281.10 | <0.01 * | 55.53 | <0.01 * | 70.21 | <0.01 * |
Self-control (SC) | 24.17 | <0.01 * | 11.81 | <0.01 * | 9.50 | 0.01 * | 5.47 | 0.07 | 7.14 | 0.03 * | 13.07 | <0.01 * |
Structured leisure (SL) | 0.59 | 0.74 | 4.00 | 0.14 | 8.69 | 0.01 * | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.28 | 0.87 | 1.58 | 0.45 |
Unstructured leisure (UL) | 65.37 | <0.01 * | 58.18 | <0.01 * | 51.09 | <0.01 * | 67.71 | <0.01 * | 22.81 | <0.01 * | 54.60 | <0.01 * |
Familiar leisure (FL) | 46.01 | <0.01 * | 14.86 | <0.01 * | 21.51 | <0.01 * | 40.36 | <0.01 * | 1.94 | 0.38 | 12.56 | <0.01 * |
Interaction SC × SL | 4.37 | 0.36 | 1.10 | 0.89 | 6.62 | 0.16 | 1.97 | 0.74 | 1.63 | 0.80 | 2.00 | 0.74 |
Interaction SC × UL | 10.27 | 0.04 * | 4.29 | 0.37 | 5.78 | 0.22 | 6.57 | 0.16 | 5.08 | 0.28 | 3.83 | 0.43 |
Interaction SC × FL | 13.75 | 0.01 * | 5.16 | 0.27 | 7.97 | 0.09 | 5.87 | 0.21 | 1.64 | 0.80 | 3.85 | 0.43 |
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Albertos, A.; Koning, I.; Benítez, E.; De Irala, J. Adolescents’ Alcohol Use: Does the Type of Leisure Activity Matter? A Cross-National Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111477
Albertos A, Koning I, Benítez E, De Irala J. Adolescents’ Alcohol Use: Does the Type of Leisure Activity Matter? A Cross-National Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111477
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbertos, Aranzazu, Ina Koning, Edgar Benítez, and Jokin De Irala. 2021. "Adolescents’ Alcohol Use: Does the Type of Leisure Activity Matter? A Cross-National Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111477