Differences by School Location in Summer and School Monthly Weight Change: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.1.1. Body Composition
2.1.2. Location
2.2. Covariates
2.2.1. Race/Ethnicity
2.2.2. Income-to-Poverty Ratio
2.2.3. Parental Employment Status and Education
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analytical Sample (N = 1532) | Full Sample (N = 18,947) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 550) | Suburban (n = 468) | Exurban (n = 514) | Urban (n = 6414) | Suburban (n = 6895) | Exurban (n = 5638) | |||||||
Income, n (%) | ||||||||||||
* Low (0.0–0.9 PIR) | 132 | 24% | 97 | 21% | 101 | 20% | 1642 | 26% | 1113 | 16% | 917 | 16% |
Med (1.0–1.9 PIR) | 83 | 15% | 66 | 14% | 97 | 19% | 1098 | 17% | 1061 | 15% | 1007 | 18% |
* High (>2.0 PIR) | 173 | 31% | 183 | 39% | 192 | 37% | 1786 | 28% | 3179 | 46% | 2371 | 42% |
Missing | 162 | 29% | 126 | 26% | 124 | 24% | 1888 | 29% | 1542 | 22% | 1343 | 24% |
Mean Age (±SD) | 7.13 | 0.76 | 6.93 | 0.88 | 6.71 | 0.69 | 6.95 | 0.98 | 6.98 | 1.00 | 7.01 | 1.01 |
Mean BMI (±SD) | 17.22 | 3.20 | 17.15 | 3.11 | 17.00 | 3.22 | 17.22 | 3.16 | 17.03 | 2.96 | 17.14 | 3.04 |
zBMI (±SD) | 0.5055 | 1.10 | 0.5381 | 1.06 | 0.5107 | 1.08 | 0.5387 | 1.12 | 0.4740 | 1.09 | 0.5194 | 1.07 |
Sex, n (%) | ||||||||||||
Boys | 284 | 52% | 241 | 51% | 273 | 53% | 3209 | 50% | 3530 | 51% | 2952 | 52% |
Girls | 266 | 48% | 227 | 49% | 241 | 47% | 3192 | 50% | 3350 | 49% | 2674 | 47% |
Race, n (%) | ||||||||||||
* White | 134 | 24% | 163 | 35% | 308 | 60% | 1681 | 26% | 3197 | 46% | 3830 | 68% |
* Black | 79 | 14% | 36 | 8% | 49 | 10% | 1256 | 20% | 784 | 11% | 475 | 8% |
* Hispanic | 236 | 43% | 204 | 44% | 101 | 20% | 2219 | 35% | 1895 | 27% | 811 | 14% |
* Asian | 59 | 11% | 43 | 9% | 13 | 3% | 839 | 13% | 573 | 8% | 187 | 3% |
* Other | 38 | 7% | 20 | 4% | 43 | 8% | 403 | 6% | 420 | 6% | 329 | 6% |
Missing | 4 | 1% | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 16 | 0% | 26 | 0% | 6 | 0% |
Parent Employed, n (%) | ||||||||||||
Yes | 278 | 51% | 282 | 60% | 333 | 65% | 2492 | 39% | 3099 | 45% | 2791 | 50% |
No | 171 | 31% | 209 | 45% | 167 | 32% | 1789 | 28% | 1954 | 28% | 1639 | 29% |
Missing | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 14 | 3% | 2133 | 33% | 1842 | 27% | 1208 | 21% |
Parents Highest Education, n (%) | ||||||||||||
High School or Less | 147 | 27% | 133 | 28% | 164 | 32% | 1761 | 27% | 1394 | 20% | 1466 | 26% |
Some College | 52 | 9% | 58 | 12% | 72 | 14% | 742 | 12% | 856 | 12% | 882 | 16% |
Associates | 18 | 3% | 23 | 5% | 46 | 9% | 320 | 5% | 468 | 7% | 451 | 8% |
Bachelors | 77 | 14% | 90 | 19% | 76 | 15% | 793 | 12% | 1378 | 20% | 915 | 16% |
Greater than Bachelors | 41 | 7% | 48 | 10% | 41 | 8% | 415 | 6% | 723 | 10% | 397 | 7% |
Other | 10 | 2% | 18 | 4% | 20 | 4% | 242 | 4% | 236 | 3% | 314 | 6% |
Missing | 205 | 37% | 98 | 21% | 95 | 18% | 2141 | 33% | 1840 | 27% | 1213 | 22% |
Raw School Change | Raw Summer Change | Model Based within Group Difference | Model Based between Group Diff in Change | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | ||||||||||||
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | Coef. | 95CI | Coef. | 95CI | |||
Full Sample | 1214 | 0.028 | 0.193 | 710 | 0.071 | 0.230 | * 0.095 | 0.074 | 0.117 | |||
Urban | 415 | 0.030 | 0.157 | 277 | 0.078 | 0.247 | * 0.083 | 0.049 | 0.117 | ref | ||
Suburb | 369 | 0.027 | 0.158 | 213 | 0.088 | 0.202 | * 0.047 | 0.004 | 0.090 | −0.036 | −0.090 | 0.018 |
Exurban | 398 | 0.028 | 0.256 | 196 | 0.053 | 0.240 | * 0.039 | 0.009 | 0.070 | −0.044 | −0.090 | 0.002 |
zBMI | ||||||||||||
Full Sample | 1209 | 0.002 | 0.074 | 710 | 0.007 | 0.126 | * 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.027 | |||
Urban | 414 | −0.001 | 0.074 | 277 | 0.014 | 0.140 | 0.043 | 0.026 | 0.060 | ref | ||
Suburb | 367 | 0.006 | 0.076 | 213 | 0.012 | 0.098 | 0.008 | −0.013 | 0.029 | * −0.035 | −0.062 | −0.008 |
Exurban | 396 | 0.002 | 0.075 | 196 | −0.004 | 0.139 | 0.006 | −0.009 | 0.021 | * −0.037 | −0.060 | −0.014 |
Percent of 95 Percentile Change | ||||||||||||
Full Sample | 1214 | −0.001 | 0.010 | 710 | 0.000 | 0.012 | * 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.002 | |||
Urban | 415 | −0.002 | 0.008 | 277 | 0.001 | 0.013 | * 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.006 | ref | ||
Suburb | 369 | −0.001 | 0.008 | 213 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.002 | −0.000 | 0.004 | −0.002 | −0.005 | 0.001 |
Exurban | 398 | −0.001 | 0.013 | 196 | −0.001 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.003 | −0.002 | −0.005 | 0.000 |
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Hunt, E.T.; Armstrong, B.; Turner-McGrievy, B.M.; Beets, M.W.; Weaver, R.G. Differences by School Location in Summer and School Monthly Weight Change: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111610
Hunt ET, Armstrong B, Turner-McGrievy BM, Beets MW, Weaver RG. Differences by School Location in Summer and School Monthly Weight Change: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111610
Chicago/Turabian StyleHunt, Ethan T., Bridget Armstrong, Brie M. Turner-McGrievy, Michael W. Beets, and Robert G. Weaver. 2021. "Differences by School Location in Summer and School Monthly Weight Change: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111610