Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Large Cohort of Italian Police Officers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overall Study Design, Setting and Participants
2.2. Study Procedures and Outcome
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Level | % (n) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years 1 | Mean | 45.4 | 9.5 |
Sex | Male | 81.3 (8562) | 80.5–82.0 |
Female | 18.7 (1973) | 18.0–19.5 | |
Geographic area | North | 33.8 (3557) | 32.9–34.7 |
Center | 49.0 (5161) | 48.0–49.9 | |
South | 18.2 (1917) | 17.5–18.9 | |
Working pattern | Predominantly field-based | 80.5 (8483) | 79.8–81.3 |
Predominantly office-based | 19.5 (2052) | 18.7–20.2 | |
Chronic conditions | Yes | 5.6 (588) | 5.2–6.0 |
No | 94.4 (9947) | 94.0–94.8 | |
Recent ILI | Yes | 4.5 (476) | 4.1–4.9 |
No | 95.5 (10,059) | 95.1–95.9 | |
Recent olfactory dysfunction | Yes | 1.2 (122) | 1.0–1.4 |
No | 98.8 (10,413) | 98.6–99.0 | |
Recent gustatory dysfunction | Yes | 0.9 (94) | 0.7–1.1 |
No | 99.1 (10,441) | 98.9–99.3 |
Characteristic | Level | IgG and/or IgM status, % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive (n = 510) | Negative (n = 10,025) | |||
Age, years 1 | Mean | 45.5 (9.7) | 45.4 (9.5) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 2 |
Sex | Male | 76.5 (72.5–80.1) | 81.5 (80.7–82.3) | Ref |
Female | 23.5 (19.9–27.5) | 18.5 (17.7–19.3) | 1.36 (1.10–1.68) ** | |
Geographic area | South | 5.9 (4.0–8.3) | 18.8 (18.1–19.6) | Ref |
Center | 31.6 (27.6–35.8) | 48.9 (47.9–49.9) | 2.07 (1.39–3.06) *** | |
North | 62.5 (58.2–66.8) | 32.3 (31.4–33.2) | 6.20 (4.24–9.05) *** | |
Working pattern | Predominantly office-based | 22.9 (19.4–26.8) | 19.3 (18.5–20.1) | Ref |
Predominantly field-based | 77.1 (73.2–80.6) | 80.7 (79.9–81.5) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) * | |
Chronic conditions | No | 94.5 (92.2–96.3) | 94.4 (93.9–94.9) | Ref |
Yes | 5.5 (3.7–7.8) | 5.6 (5.2–6.1) | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | |
Recent ILI | No | 77.3 (73.4–80.8) | 96.4 (96.0–96.8) | Ref |
Yes | 22.7 (19.2–26.6) | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 7.90 (6.27–9.97) *** | |
Recent olfactory dysfunction | No | 85.9 (82.6–88.8) | 99.5 (99.3–99.6) | Ref |
Yes | 14.1 (11.2–17.4) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 32.79 (22.58–47.63) *** | |
Recent gustatory dysfunction | No | 89.8 (86.8–92.3) | 99.6 (99.4–99.7) | Ref |
Yes | 10.2 (7.7–13.2) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 26.99 (17.78–40.96) *** |
Characteristic | Level | b (SE) | aOR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | – | −4.614 (0.338) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | <0.001 |
Age | 1-year increase | 0.009 (0.005) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.10 |
Sex | Male | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 0.063 (0.125) | 1.07 (0.83–1.36) | 0.62 | |
Geographic area | South | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Center | 0.453 (0.206) | 1.57 (1.05–2.35) | 0.028 | |
North | 1.651 (0.197) | 5.21 (3.54–7.67) | <0.001 | |
Working pattern | Predominantly office-based | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Predominantly field-based | −0.043 (0.119) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.72 | |
Chronic conditions | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.138 (0.212) | 1.15 (0.76–1.74) | 0.51 | |
Recent influenza-like illness | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.623 (0.148) | 5.07 (3.79–6.77) | <0.001 | |
Recent olfactory dysfunction | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.451 (0.381) | 11.60 (5.49–24.51) | <0.001 | |
Recent gustatory dysfunction | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.792 (0.324) | 2.21 (1.17–4.17) | 0.015 | |
Sex × olfactory dysfunction | – | 1.102 (0.475) | 3.01 (1.19–7.64) | 0.020 |
ILI × olfactory dysfunction | – | −0.988 (0.434) | 0.37 (0.16–0.87) | 0.023 |
Characteristic | Level | b (SE) | aOR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | – | −4.982 (0.379) | 0.01 (0.00–0.01) | <0.001 |
Age | 1-year increase | 0.007 (0.006) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.22 |
Sex | Male | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | −0.077 (0.139) | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.58 | |
Geographic area | South | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Center | 0.732 (0.252) | 2.08 (1.27–3.41) | 0.004 | |
North | 2.018 (0.243) | 7.53 (4.68–12.11) | <0.001 | |
Working pattern | Predominantly office-based | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Predominantly field-based | −0.050 (0.126) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 0.69 | |
Chronic conditions | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.186 (0.225) | 1.20 (0.77–1.87) | 0.41 | |
Recent influenza-like illness | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.702 (0.153) | 5.49 (4.07–7.40) | <0.001 | |
Recent olfactory dysfunction | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.356 (0.394) | 10.54 (4.87–22.82) | <0.001 | |
Recent gustatory dysfunction | No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.975 (0.327) | 2.65 (1.40–5.03) | 0.003 | |
Sex × olfactory dysfunction | – | 1.414 (0.487) | 3.14 (1.21–8.16) | 0.004 |
ILI × olfactory dysfunction | – | −1.062 (0.442) | 0.35 (0.15–0.82) | 0.016 |
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Garbarino, S.; Domnich, A.; Costa, E.; Giberti, I.; Mosca, S.; Belfiore, C.; Ciprani, F.; Icardi, G. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Large Cohort of Italian Police Officers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212201
Garbarino S, Domnich A, Costa E, Giberti I, Mosca S, Belfiore C, Ciprani F, Icardi G. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Large Cohort of Italian Police Officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212201
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarbarino, Sergio, Alexander Domnich, Elisabetta Costa, Irene Giberti, Stefano Mosca, Cristiano Belfiore, Fabrizio Ciprani, and Giancarlo Icardi. 2021. "Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Large Cohort of Italian Police Officers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212201