Parents’ Report of Canadian Elementary School Children’s Physical Activity and Screen Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Physical Activity and Screen Time
2.2.2. Demographic Data
2.2.3. COVID-19 Constraints
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Overall Changes in Physical Activity and Screen Time
3.3. Sub-Group Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Demographics | ||
Gender | Boy | 48 (50.5) |
Girl | 47 (49.5) | |
Self-identify | 0 (0) | |
Age | 10 years old | 15 |
11 years old | 79 | |
12 years old | 1 | |
Ethnicity | White/Caucasian | 57 (60.0) |
Visible Minority | 31 (32.6) | |
Mixed Race | 7 (7.4) | |
Years in Canada | Born in Canada | 69 (72.6) |
More than 5 years | 8 (8.4) | |
3 to 4 years | 8 (8.4) | |
1 to 2 years | 9 (9.5) | |
Less than 1 year | 1 (1.1) | |
Household Size | 2 people | 5 (5.3) |
3 people | 13 (13.7) | |
4 people | 42 (44.2) | |
5 people | 30 (31.6) | |
6 people | 5 (5.3) | |
MFI (CAD $) | Low | 23 (24.2) |
Middle | 22 (23.2) | |
High | 50 (52.6) | |
COVID-19 Constraints | ||
School Model | In-person learning | 83 (87.4) |
Remote learning | 11 (11.6) | |
Home schooling | 1 (1.1) | |
Facility Use | Indoor and outdoor facilities | 49 (51.6) |
Only outdoor facilities | 21 (22.1) | |
No indoor or outdoor facilities | 25 (26.3) | |
Social Interaction | All friends and family | 28 (29.5) |
Friends and family with physical distancing | 38 (40.0) | |
Those within the child’s bubble | 29 (30.5) |
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (days/week) | 4.39 (1.96) | 4 (3–6) | 3.78 (2.19) | 4 (2–5) | 46 | 23 | −2.53 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.12 (0.94) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.63 (1.08) | 2–3 (1–3) | 10 | 47 | −4.61 | <0.01 | 0.33 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.34 (1.13) | 2–3 (1–4) | 3.83 (1.17) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 14 | 46 | −3.79 | <0.01 | 0.27 |
Boys (n = 48) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 4.21 (2.07) | 4 (3–6) | 3.77 (2.28) | 4 (2–5.75) | 22 | 15 | −1.05 | 0.29 | 0.08 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.21 (0.93) | 1–2 (1–3) | 2.79 (1.03) | 2–3 (1–3.75) | 5 | 28 | −3.74 | <0.01 | 0.27 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.51 (1.10) | 2–3 (2–4+) | 3.98 (1.06) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 8 | 21 | −2.35 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
Girls (n = 47) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 4.57 (1.87) | 5 (3–6) | 3.79 (2.13) | 4 (2–5) | 24 | 8 | −2.80 | <0.01 | 0.20 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.02 (0.94) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.47 (1.12) | 1–2 (1–3) | 5 | 19 | −2.76 | <0.01 | 0.20 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.17 (1.15) | 2–3 (1–4) | 3.68 (1.27) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 6 | 25 | −3.19 | <0.01 | 0.23 |
Low (n = 23) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 3.39 (1.75) | 3 (2–5) | 3.35 (2.25) | 3 (2–5) | 9 | 8 | −0.10 | 0.92 | 0.01 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.48 (0.99) | 1–2 (1–3) | 2.70 (1.19) | 2–3 (1–4) | 5 | 8 | −1.17 | 0.24 | 0.08 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.70 (1.11) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 4.04 (1.19) | 4+ (2–4+) | 4 | 11 | −1.28 | 0.20 | 0.09 |
Middle (n = 22) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 3.95 (2.06) | 4 (3–5) | 3.59 (2.11) | 3.5 (2–5) | 10 | 7 | −0.41 | 0.68 | 0.03 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 1.91 (0.92) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.82 (1.10) | 2–3 (1–3.25) | 1 | 14 | −3.21 | <0.01 | 0.23 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.32 (1.32) | 2–3 (1–4+) | 3.82 (1.19) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 4 | 11 | −1.78 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
Upper/Upper-Middle (n = 50) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 5.04 (1.82) | 5 (4–7) | 4.06 (2.21) | 4 (2–6) | 27 | 8 | −3.26 | <0.01 | 0.24 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.04 (0.89) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.52 (1.04) | 1–2 (1–3) | 4 | 25 | −3.26 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.18 (1.03) | 2–3 (1–4) | 3.74 (1.18) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 6 | 24 | −3.24 | <0.01 | 0.24 |
Indoor and Outdoor Facilities (n = 49) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 4.82 (1.93) | 5 (3–7) | 4.02 (2.12) | 4 (2–5.50) | 26 | 10 | −2.37 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.06 (0.91) | 1–2 (0.5–2) | 2.65 (1.09) | 2–3 (1–3) | 4 | 28 | −3.89 | <0.01 | 0.28 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.29 (1.11) | 2–3 (1.50–4) | 3.92 (1.10) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 5 | 27 | −3.71 | <0.01 | 0.27 |
Only Outdoor Facilities (n = 21) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 3.90 (2.12) | 3 (3–5.50) | 3.81 (2.21) | 3 (2–6.50) | 7 | 5 | −0.28 | 0.78 | 0.02 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.19 (1.03) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.38 (1.12) | 1–2 (1–3) | 3 | 6 | −1.12 | 0.25 | 0.08 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.24 (1.18) | 2–3 (1–4) | 3.43 (1.36) | 3–4 (1.50–3.50) | 4 | 8 | −0.99 | 0.32 | 0.07 |
No Indoor or Outdoor Facilities (n = 25) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 3.96 (1.81) | 4 (2.50–5) | 3.28 (2.34) | 3 (1–5) | 13 | 8 | −1.24 | 0.21 | 0.09 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.16 (0.94) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.80 (1.04) | 2–3 (1–4) | 3 | 13 | −2.42 | 0.02 | 0.18 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.52 (1.16) | 3–4 (2–3.50) | 4.00 (1.12) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 5 | 11 | −1.45 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
All Friends and Family (n = 28) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 4.75 (2.14) | 5 (3–7) | 4.21 (2.17) | 5 (3–6) | 14 | 6 | −1.27 | 0.21 | 0.09 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.43 (1.03) | 1–2 (1–3) | 3.00 (1.28) | 2–3 (1–4) | 3 | 15 | −2.91 | <0.01 | 0.21 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.75 (1.24) | 3–4 (1.50–4+) | 4.18 (1.22) | 4+ (3–4+) | 4 | 14 | −2.10 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
All Friends and Family with Physical Distancing (n = 38) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 4.61 (1.90) | 5 (3–6) | 4.16 (1.97) | 4 (2–6) | 18 | 8 | −1.51 | 0.13 | 0.11 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 1.89 (0.86) | 1–2 (0–2) | 2.39 (1.03) | 1–2 (1–3) | 3 | 19 | −3.05 | <0.01 | 0.22 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.97 (0.92) | 2–3 (1–3) | 3.45 (1.16) | 2.50 (2–4) | 5 | 18 | −2.35 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
Those within the Child’s ‘Bubble’ (n = 29) | |||||||||
Health Behavior | Before COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | −ve Rank (n) | +ve Rank (n) | Z a | p | d | ||
(SD) | Median (IQR) | (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||||||
Physical activity (day/week) | 3.76 (1.83) | 4 (2.50–5) | 2.86 (2.30) | 3 (1–5) | 14 | 9 | −1.81 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
Weekday recreational screen time (h/day) | 2.11 (0.88) | 1–2 (0–3) | 2.59 (0.87) | 2–3 (1–3) | 4 | 13 | −2.05 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
Weekend recreational screen time (h/day) | 3.43 (1.17) | 3–4 (2–4) | 4.00 (1.04) | 3–4 (2–4+) | 5 | 14 | −2.16 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
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Ostermeier, E.; Tucker, P.; Clark, A.; Seabrook, J.A.; Gilliland, J. Parents’ Report of Canadian Elementary School Children’s Physical Activity and Screen Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312352
Ostermeier E, Tucker P, Clark A, Seabrook JA, Gilliland J. Parents’ Report of Canadian Elementary School Children’s Physical Activity and Screen Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312352
Chicago/Turabian StyleOstermeier, Emma, Patricia Tucker, Andrew Clark, Jamie A. Seabrook, and Jason Gilliland. 2021. "Parents’ Report of Canadian Elementary School Children’s Physical Activity and Screen Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312352