Effects of Endurance Training Intensity on Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity at Rest and after Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Young Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Exercise Training Program
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Time-Related Effects
3.1.1. At Rest
3.1.2. After Maximal Exercise
3.2. Group Effects
3.2.1. At Rest
3.2.2. After Maximal Exercise
3.3. Group × Time Interactions
3.3.1. At Rest
3.3.2. After Maximal Exercise
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Endurance Training on Performance
4.2. Effects of Endurance Training on Lung Function
4.3. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IET Group (n = 8) | MET Group p-Value (n = 8) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 17.0 ± 1.0 | 17.1 ± 0.6 0.76 | |
Weight (kg) | 64 ± 2 | 65 ± 2 0.46 | |
Height (cm) | 172 ± 7 | 172 ± 4 1 | |
VO2max (mL·kg−1 min−1) | 47.2 ± 1.4 | 47.5 ± 1.2 0.67 | |
Maximum Work Load (w) | 245 ± 30 | 250 ± 37 0.77 | |
Heart Rate (beats/min) | rest | 63 ± 2 | 64 ± 2 0.35 |
max | 197 ± 2 | 196 ± 2 0.32 |
Intense Endurance Training Group (IET) | Moderate Endurance Training Group (MET) | |
---|---|---|
Weeks 1 to 4 | Weekly Training Program | |
Monday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: moderate intensity 70–80% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: low intensity (aerobic exercises) ≈60% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min |
Tuesday | Recovery | Recovery |
Wednesday | Recovery | Recovery |
Thursday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 400 m/600 m/800 m: heavy endurance training 85–95% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min | Warm-up/Drills: 30 minRunning 400 m/600 m/800 m: moderate endurance training 70–80% of HRmaxActive recovery = 2–3 min |
Friday | Recovery | Recovery |
Saturday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: moderate intensity 70–80% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: low to moderate intensity ≈60–70 of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min |
Sunday | Recovery | Recovery |
Weeks 5 to 8 | Weekly Training Program | |
Monday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 400 m/600 m/800 m: moderate to heavy endurance training 70–95% of HRmax | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 400 m/600 m/800 m: low intensity ≈ 60% of HRmax |
Tuesday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m): moderate endurance training 70–80% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: low endurance training ≈ 60% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min |
Wednesday | Recovery | Recovery |
Thursday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 800 m/1000 m/1500 m: 85–95% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 800 m/1000 m/1500 m: 70–80% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min |
Friday | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: moderate to heavy intensity 70–95% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min | Warm-up/Drills: 30 min Running 600 m/800 m/1000 m/1500 m: low intensity ≈ 60% of HRmax Active recovery = 2–3 min |
Saturday | Recovery | Recovery |
Sunday | Recovery | Recovery |
Mean ± SD | p (Paired t Test) | ICC | ICC: CI 95% | CV (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VI (L) | ||||||
Rest | 1st trial | 5.18 ± 0.18 | 0.48 | 0.92 | 0.78–0.97 | 1.73 |
2nd trial | 5.17 ± 0.15 | |||||
Exercise | 1st trial | 5.45 ± 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.68–0.96 | 2.65 |
2nd trial | 5.38 ± 0.22 | |||||
VA (L) | ||||||
Rest | 1st trial | 7.48 ± 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 0.69–0.96 | 2.63 |
2nd trial | 7.40 ± 0.29 | |||||
Exercise | 1st trial | 7.56 ± 0.35 | 0.69 | 0.96 | 0.89–0.99 | 1.76 |
2nd trial | 7.54 ± 0.34 | |||||
DLNO (mL·min−1·mmHg−1) | ||||||
Rest | 1st trial | 196.78 ± 1.32 | 0.13 | 0.80 | 0.41–0.93 | 1.62 |
2nd trial | 196.29 ± 1.63 | |||||
Exercise | 1st trial | 256.46 ± 5.97 | 0.08 | 0.91 | 0.75–0.97 | 1.34 |
2nd trial | 254.28 ± 6.07 | |||||
DLCO (mL·min−1·mmHg−1) | ||||||
Rest | 1st trial | 47.84 ± 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.54–0.94 | 1.23 |
2nd trial | 47.46 ± 0.58 | |||||
Exercise | 1st trial | 53.92 ± 2.41 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.83–0.98 | 2.07 |
2nd trial | 53.89 ± 2.32 | |||||
DM (mL·min−1·mmHg−1) | ||||||
Rest | 1st trial | 97.43 ± 2.84 | 0.56 | 0.96 | 0.86–0.98 | 1.24 |
2nd trial | 97.25 ± 3.05 | |||||
Exercise | 1st trial | 131.35 ± 2.57 | 0.11 | 0.96 | 0.89–0.99 | 0.81 |
2nd trial | 130.89 ± 2.96 | |||||
VC (mL) | ||||||
Rest | 1st trial | 130.79 ± 6.68 | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.84–0.98 | 2.38 |
2nd trial | 131.50 ± 6.92 | |||||
Exercise | 1st trial | 159.36 ± 1.24 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.48–0.94 | 0.86 |
2nd trial | 159.41 ± 2.14 |
Parameter | IET Group (Mean ± SD) | MET Group (Mean ± SD) | Variance Analysis/Effects | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Time | Group × Time | ||||||||||
Pre | Post | ES | Pre | Post | ES | p | ES | p | ES | p | ES | |
VI (L) | 5.17 ± 0.22 | 5.43 ± 0.32 | 0.94 | 5.26 ± 0.27 | 5.22 ± 0.08 | 0.2 | 0.526 | 0.015 | 0.214 | 0.055 | 0.091 | 0.099 |
DM (mL/min/mmHg) | 96.06 ± 3.90 | 108.85 ± 3.69 | 3.36 | 99.69 ± 2.87 | 101.84 ± 4.11 | 0.61 | 0.203 | 0.057 | 0.000 | 0.541 | 0.000 | 0.374 |
TLNO (mL/min/mmHg) | 189.21 ± 3.63 | 213.16 ± 8.98 | 2.72 | 197.08 ± 1.83 | 200.24 ± 2.62 | 1.4 | 0.003 | 0.279 | 0.000 | 0.567 | 0.000 | 0.388 |
TLCO (mL/min/mmHg) | 46.88 ± 1.46 | 53.43 ± 3.18 | 2.36 | 47.89 ± 3.93 | 47.84 ± 1.23 | 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.411 | 0.000 | 0.407 | 0.000 | 0.404 |
Vc (mL) | 131.68 ± 10.17 | 150.05 ± 3.39 | 2.42 | 130.96 ± 7.75 | 130.51 ± 14.51 | 0.08 | 0.009 | 0.221 | 0.016 | 0.190 | 0.009 | 0.222 |
VA (L) | 7.40 ± 0.04 | 7.52 ± 0.15 | 1.09 | 7.46 ± 0.37 | 7.42 ± 0.45 | 0.1 | 0.857 | 0.001 | 0.724 | 0.005 | 0.449 | 0.021 |
Resting HR (bpm) | 63.5 ± 1.7 | 62 ± 1.8 | 0.84 | 64.5 ± 2.3 | 63.8 ± 0.9 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.48 | 0.09 |
Parameter | IET Group (Mean ± SD) | MET Group (Mean ± SD) | Variance Analysis/Effects | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Time | Group × Time | ||||||||||
Pre | Post | ES | Pre | Post | ES | p | ES | p | ES | p | ES | |
VI (L) | 5.41 ± 0.43 | 5.49 ± 0.22 | 0.23 | 5.36 ± 0.29 | 5.41 ± 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.537 | 0.014 | 0.553 | 0.013 | 0.889 | 0.001 |
DM (mL/min/mmHg) | 131.3 ± 3.21 | 140.09 ± 1.00 | 3.69 | 131.4 ± 1.96 | 132.56 ± 6.63 | 0.24 | 0.011 | 0.211 | 0.001 | 0.324 | 0.009 | 0.220 |
TLNO (mL/min/mmHg) | 256.39 ± 8.59 | 276.91 ± 6.59 | 2.68 | 256.54 ± 1.59 | 261.04 ± 7.79 | 8 | 0.003 | 0.281 | 0.000 | 0.498 | 0.002 | 0.289 |
TLCO (mL/min/mmHg) | 53.71 ± 0.85 | 59.03 ± 0.80 | 6.45 | 54.14 ± 3.41 | 54 ± 5.21 | 0.03 | 0.049 | 0.131 | 0.028 | 0.160 | 0.022 | 0.174 |
Vc (mL) | 159.09 ± 0.63 | 179.31 ± 7.23 | 3.94 | 159.15 ± 0.58 | 160.48 ± 8.81 | 0.21 | 0.000 | 0.435 | 0.000 | 0.504 | 0.000 | 0.439 |
VA (L) | 7.49 ± 0.38 | 7.96 ± 0.30 | 1.37 | 7.50 ± 0.27 | 7.53 ± 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.125 | 0.082 | 0.068 | 0.114 | 0.104 | 0.091 |
HRmax (bpm) | 196.7 ± 2.1 | 189.7 ± 1.2 | 3.1 | 195.7 ± 1.7 | 196.1 ± 2.3 | 0.19 | 0.000 | 0.36 | 0.000 | 0.46 | 0.000 | 0.52 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 47.2 ± 1.39 | 49.7 ± 0.66 | 2.22 | 47.5 ± 1.23 | 47.7 ± 0.91 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.003 | 0.28 | 0.006 | 0.24 |
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Dridi, R.; Dridi, N.; Govindasamy, K.; Gmada, N.; Aouadi, R.; Guénard, H.; Laher, I.; Saeidi, A.; Suzuki, K.; Hackney, A.C.; et al. Effects of Endurance Training Intensity on Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity at Rest and after Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Young Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312359
Dridi R, Dridi N, Govindasamy K, Gmada N, Aouadi R, Guénard H, Laher I, Saeidi A, Suzuki K, Hackney AC, et al. Effects of Endurance Training Intensity on Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity at Rest and after Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Young Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312359
Chicago/Turabian StyleDridi, Rim, Nadia Dridi, Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Nabil Gmada, Ridha Aouadi, Hervé Guénard, Ismail Laher, Ayoub Saeidi, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Anthony C. Hackney, and et al. 2021. "Effects of Endurance Training Intensity on Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity at Rest and after Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Young Athletes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312359