Application of Inspiratory Muscle Training to Improve Physical Tolerance in Older Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Trial Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Outcome Measures
2.5. Exercise Electrocardiography
2.6. Inspiratory Muscle Strength
2.7. Pulmonary Function Testing
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Exercise Electrocardiography
3.3. Inspiratory Muscle Strength
3.4. Pulmonary Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Practical Applications
References
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Week | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inspiratory load [%PImax] | 30 | 40 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
Session duration [min] | 2 × 5 | 2 × 8 | 2 × 11 | 2 × 11 | 2 × 13 | 2 × 13 | 2 × 13 | 2 × 15 |
Total | CR + IMT | CR | IMT | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 62.77 (8.05) | 61.03 (7.46) | 63.60 (5.1) | 63.67 (7.59) | 0.36 |
Males [n (%)] | 54 (60) | 18 (60) | 18 (60) | 18 (60) | |
Mass [kg] | 84.41 (9.91) | 82.66 (11.39) | 86.03 (9.21) | 84.53 (8.97) | 0.43 |
Height [m] | 1.75 (0.09) | 1.74 (0.08) | 1.76 (0.08) | 1.73 (0.09) | 0.16 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 27.76 (3.02) | 27.54 (2.84) | 27.68 (3.26) | 28.06 (3.03) | 0.79 |
NYHA class [n (%)] | |||||
I | 46 (51) | 13 (43) | 15 (50) | 18 (60) | 0.70 |
II | 44 (49) | 17 (57) | 15 (50) | 12 (40) | 0.57 |
Intervention [n (%)] | |||||
PCI | 46 (51.11) | 12 (40) | 17 (56.66) | 17 (56.66) | 0.55 |
CABG | 44 (48.88) | 16 (53.33) | 13 (43.33) | 15 (50) | 0.71 |
Drugs [n (%)] | |||||
Beta-blockers | 82 (91.1) | 26 (86.67) | 27 (90) | 29 (96.67) | 0.89 |
Statins/fibrates | 65 (72.22) | 23 (76.66) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 0.88 |
Duretics | 19 (21.1) | 3 (10) | 7 (23.33) | 9 (30) | 0.55 |
Cardiovascular risk factors [n(%)] | |||||
Hypertension | 49 (54.44) | 16 (53.33) | 17 (56.66) | 16 (53.33) | 0.78 |
Lipid disorders | 54 (60) | 17 (56.67) | 16 (53.33) | 21 (70) | 0.66 |
Variable | CR + IMT | CR | IMT | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HRpeak [bpm] | Preintervention | 117.73 ± 12.55 | 115.57 ± 13.63 | 115.47 ± 14.03 |
Postintervention | 120.23 ± 15.14 | 117.80 ± 15.96 | 117.73 ± 14 | |
p | 0.97 | 0.02 * | 0.26 | |
Test duration [min] | Preintervention | 10.80 ± 2.21 | 10.07 ± 2.26 | 10.96 ± 3.2 |
Postintervention | 12.48 ± 1.89 | 11.84 ± 2.83 | 11.61 ± 2.68 | |
p | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | 0.02 * | |
MET | Preintervention | 6.82 ± 2.79 | 6.61 ± 2.34 | 7.62 ± 3.6 |
Postintervention | 8.74 ± 2.4 | 8.17 ± 3.12 | 8.10 ± 3.5 | |
p | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | 0.11 |
Variable | CR + IMT | CR | IMT | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PImax [kPa] | Preintervention | 2.82 ± 1.03 | 2.95 ± 1.35 | 3.02 ± 1.27 |
Postintervention | 6.02 ± 2.25 | 3.59 ± 2.26 | 5.69 ± 1.85 | |
p | 0.00 * | 0.05 * | 0.00 * | |
PImax [%] | Preintervention | 35.20 ± 14.87 | 37.39 ± 16.55 | 38.32 ± 16.92 |
Postintervention | 76.02 ± 26.73 | 44.17 ± 24.5 | 70.83 ± 21.88 | |
p | 0.00 * | 0.06 | 0.00 * |
Variable | CR + IMT | CR | IMT | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | ||
VC [l] | 3.95 ± 0.96 | 3.82 ± 0.93 | 3.64 ± 0.76 | 3.42 ± 0.96 | 3.95 ± 1 | 5.82 ± 0.99 | 0.00 * |
VC [%] | 95.30 ± 15 | 93.10 ± 14.34 | 94.20 ± 19.54 | 95.40 ± 18.84 | 93.10 ± 12.85 | 94.20 ± 12.76 | 0.00 * |
FEV1 [l] | 3.40 ± 0.83 | 3.05 ± 0.84 | 3.30 ± 0.9 | 4.10 ± 0.8 | 3.40 ± 0.79 | 3.30 ± 0.97 | 0.00 * |
FEV1 [%] | 93.04 ± 19.71 | 91.10 ± 15.97 | 93.01 ± 20.28 | 100.02 ± 18.9 | 94.20 ± 15.37 | 94.90 ± 16.26 | 0.02 * |
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Piotrowska, M.; Okrzymowska, P.; Kucharski, W.; Rożek-Piechura, K. Application of Inspiratory Muscle Training to Improve Physical Tolerance in Older Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312441
Piotrowska M, Okrzymowska P, Kucharski W, Rożek-Piechura K. Application of Inspiratory Muscle Training to Improve Physical Tolerance in Older Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312441
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotrowska, Monika, Paulina Okrzymowska, Wojciech Kucharski, and Krystyna Rożek-Piechura. 2021. "Application of Inspiratory Muscle Training to Improve Physical Tolerance in Older Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312441