Remediation of Smelter Contaminated Soil by Sequential Washing Using Biosurfactants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description, Soil Sampling and Characterization
Characteristic | Value | |
---|---|---|
Sand, % | 27.3 ± 0.6 | |
Silt, % | 67.9 ± 1.2 | |
Clay, % | 4.8 ± 0.2 | |
Texture | silt loam | |
pH | 4.62 ± 0.12 | |
Electrical conductivity (EC), mS/cm | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |
Soil organic carbon, % | 0.47 ± 0.12 | |
Soil organic matter, % | 0.81 ± 0.21 | |
Cation exchange capacity (CEC), cmol/kg | 12.9 ± 0.9 | |
Total Cu, mg/kg | 1651.9 ± 5.6 | 100/600 |
Total Pb, mg/kg | 290.8 ± 3.5 | 100/600 |
Total Zn, mg/kg | 165.0 ± 6.1 | 300/2000 |
2.2. Characterization of Biosurfactants as Washing Agents
2.3. Sequential Batch Soil Washing
2.4. Data Elaboration and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Metal Distribution and Stability in Smelter Contaminated Soil
3.2. Effect of Sequential Soil Washing with Biosurfactants on Metal Removal from Smelter Contaminated Soil
3.3. Effect of Sequential Soil Washing with Biosurfactants on Metal Distribution and Stability
3.4. A Relationship between Cumulative Metal Removal Efficiency and Their Stability
3.5. Effect of Sequential Soil Washing on Biosurfactant Sorption in Soil
3.6. Assessment of Relative Cost of Using Biosurfactants in Sequential Soil Washing
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Biosurfactant | ||
---|---|---|---|
Saponin | Tannic Acid | Rhamnolipids | |
| | | |
Chemical form | glycoside | polyphenol | glycolipid |
Origin | plant | plant | microbial |
Concentration, g TOC/L | 13.6 ± 0.05 | 13.0 ± 0.4 | 13.3 ± 0.1 |
Density, g/mL | 1.098 ± 0.003 | 1.085 ± 0.004 | 1.076 ± 0.003 |
pH | 5.43 ± 0.11 | 4.38 ± 0.08 | 6.37 ± 0.13 |
Electrical conductivity (EC), mS/cm | 31.3 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 36.6 ± 0.2 |
Surface tension, mN/m | 43.0 ± 2.6 | 46.4 ± 1.8 | 23.6 ± 1.1 |
Sequential Soil Washing | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Sequence | No. of Biosurfactant Types in Sequence | Saponin (S) Variant | Tannic Acid (T) Variant | Rhamnolipids (R) Variant |
1 | 1 | S-S-S | T-T-T | R-R-R |
2 | 2 | S-S-T | T-T-S | R-R-S |
3 | S-T-S | T-S-T | R-S-R | |
4 | S-T-T | T-S-S | R-S-S | |
5 | S-S-R | T-T-R | R-R-T | |
6 | S-R-S | T-R-T | R-T-R | |
7 | S-R-R | T-R-R | R-T-T | |
8 | 3 | S-T-R | T-S-R | R-S-T |
9 | S-R-T | T-R-S | R-T-S |
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Gusiatin, Z.M.; Kumpiene, J.; Carabante, I.; Radziemska, M.; Brtnicky, M. Remediation of Smelter Contaminated Soil by Sequential Washing Using Biosurfactants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412875
Gusiatin ZM, Kumpiene J, Carabante I, Radziemska M, Brtnicky M. Remediation of Smelter Contaminated Soil by Sequential Washing Using Biosurfactants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412875
Chicago/Turabian StyleGusiatin, Zygmunt Mariusz, Jurate Kumpiene, Ivan Carabante, Maja Radziemska, and Martin Brtnicky. 2021. "Remediation of Smelter Contaminated Soil by Sequential Washing Using Biosurfactants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412875