Concept Evolution and Multi-Dimensional Measurement Comparison of Urban Energy Performance from the Perspective of System Correlation: Empirical Analysis of 142 Prefecture Level Cities in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Evolution of Urban Energy Performance from the Perspective of System Correlation
3. Measurement Indicators and Models of Urban Energy Performance in Different Dimensions
4. Multi-Dimensional Measurement Results and Discussion of Energy Performance of Prefecture Level Cities in China
4.1. The Range of Study Sample and the Variables of Indicators
4.2. The Measurement Results of Urban Energy Performance in the Economic Dimension
4.3. The Measurement Results of Urban Energy Performance in the Environmental Dimension
4.4. The Measurement Results of Urban Energy Performance in the Well-Being Dimension
4.5. Results Comparison of Urban Energy Performance in Different Dimensions and Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Policy Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Unit | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy consumption | 10,000 tons of standard coal | 11.87 | 18,102.33 | 2041.73 | 2653.59 |
Labor input | Person | 138,105.00 | 15,696,019.00 | 1,989,929.00 | 2,420,450.00 |
Fixed capital investment | Million Yuan | 119.20 | 18,661.41 | 2958.72 | 2543.64 |
Economic output | Ten thousand Yuan | 2,996,200.00 | 326,798,700.00 | 44,685,392.00 | 52,717,490.00 |
Environmental pollution | Ton | 412.00 | 249,071.00 | 37,880.48 | 39,823.75 |
Environmental capital investment | Ten thousand Yuan | 440.71 | 190,731.81 | 27,999.97 | 31,410.93 |
Medical and health level | Person | 993.00 | 109,376.00 | 15,814.42 | 15,111.48 |
Education level | Year | 7.46 | 11.76 | 8.76 | 1.11 |
City | Performance | City | Performance | City | Performance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.9952 | Longyan | 0.8362 | Zhuhai | 0.7241 |
Tianjin | 1.0000 | Ningde | 0.6474 | Shantou | 0.3843 |
Tangshan | 1.0000 | Nanchang | 0.6634 | Foshan | 1.0000 |
Handan | 0.4883 | Jingdezhen | 0.5420 | Maoming | 0.7352 |
Baoding | 0.6988 | Jiujiang | 0.6147 | Zhaoqing | 0.4492 |
Cangzhou | 0.7934 | Ganzhou | 0.4643 | Shanwei | 0.5271 |
Taiyuan | 0.6504 | Shangrao | 0.5841 | Dongguan | 1.0000 |
Yangquan | 0.9334 | Jinan | 0.6936 | Zhongshan | 1.0000 |
Changzhi | 0.5866 | Qingdao | 0.9620 | Jieyang | 0.8280 |
Jincheng | 0.7376 | Zaozhuang | 0.6863 | Yunfu | 0.6764 |
Shuozhou | 1.0000 | Yantai | 0.9976 | Nanning | 0.5456 |
Jinzhong | 0.5200 | Weifang | 0.7912 | Liuzhou | 0.5520 |
Xinzhou | 0.9677 | Weihai | 1.0000 | Guilin | 1.0000 |
Hohhot | 0.7383 | Rizhao | 0.8191 | Fangchenggang | 0.8655 |
Dalian | 1.0000 | Linyi | 0.4770 | Haikou | 1.0000 |
Changchun | 0.7893 | Dezhou | 0.8379 | Sanya | 1.0000 |
Siping | 1.0000 | Binzhou | 0.5409 | Chongqing | 0.7198 |
Harbin | 0.9292 | Zhengzhou | 0.7933 | Chengdu | 0.8506 |
Shanghai | 1.0000 | Luoyang | 0.6096 | Zigong | 0.9024 |
Nanjing | 0.7063 | Pingdingshan | 0.5014 | Luzhou | 0.5563 |
Wuxi | 0.9395 | Anyang | 0.4886 | Deyang | 0.9686 |
Xuzhou | 0.7498 | Xinxiang | 0.5141 | Guangyuan | 0.5952 |
Suzhou | 0.9169 | Puyang | 0.5439 | Suining | 0.7210 |
Nantong | 0.7495 | Sanmenxia | 0.7258 | Neijiang | 0.9033 |
Lianyungang | 0.7166 | Nanyang | 0.6128 | Leshan | 0.7260 |
Huai’an | 0.7018 | Shangqiu | 0.5447 | Guiyang | 0.7262 |
Zhenjiang | 0.9858 | Xinyang | 0.6210 | Liupanshui | 0.6984 |
Taizhou (in Jiangsu province) | 1.0000 | Zhoukou | 0.9780 | Bijie | 0.5826 |
Suqian | 0.9322 | Wuhan | 0.8874 | Kunming | 0.4679 |
Hangzhou | 0.9355 | Huangshi | 0.4241 | Xi’an | 0.6929 |
Ningbo | 0.6082 | Shiyan | 0.5512 | Baoji | 0.6891 |
Wenzhou | 0.5971 | Yichang | 0.7037 | Xianyang | 1.0000 |
Shaoxing | 0.7270 | Xiangyang | 0.8009 | Weinan | 0.5876 |
Jinhua | 0.5588 | Jingmen | 0.5513 | Yan’an | 0.6431 |
Taizhou (in Zhejiang province) | 0.7415 | Suizhou | 0.6085 | Hanzhong | 0.4882 |
Hefei | 0.6893 | Changsha | 1.0000 | Yulin | 1.0000 |
Wuhu | 0.6829 | Zhuzhou | 0.6900 | Ankang | 0.6999 |
Huainan | 0.5241 | Xiangtan | 0.9192 | Shangluo | 0.5693 |
Bozhou | 0.4784 | Shaoyang | 0.4815 | Lanzhou | 0.5247 |
Chizhou | 0.6979 | Changde | 0.6805 | Jiayuguan | 1.0000 |
Xuancheng | 0.5629 | Zhangjiajie | 1.0000 | Zhangye | 1.0000 |
Fuzhou | 0.6558 | Yiyang | 0.9264 | Yinchuan | 0.5326 |
Xiamen | 0.6723 | Chenzhou | 0.6192 | Shizuishan | 0.8587 |
Putian | 0.4777 | Yongzhou | 0.5855 | Urumqi | 0.5936 |
Sanming | 0.6734 | Huaihua | 0.6570 | Karamay | 0.9855 |
Quanzhou | 0.7297 | Guangzhou | 1.0000 | Turpan | 1.0000 |
Zhangzhou | 0.8130 | Shaoguan | 0.6634 | Hami | 0.9850 |
Nanping | 0.6183 |
City | Performance | City | Performance | City | Performance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 1.0000 | Longyan | 0.8313 | Zhuhai | 0.7665 |
Tianjin | 1.0000 | Ningde | 0.6442 | Shantou | 0.3819 |
Tangshan | 1.0000 | Nanchang | 0.6638 | Foshan | 1.0000 |
Handan | 0.5803 | Jingdezhen | 0.5387 | Maoming | 0.9919 |
Baoding | 0.6992 | Jiujiang | 0.6148 | Zhaoqing | 0.4242 |
Cangzhou | 1.0000 | Ganzhou | 0.4655 | Shanwei | 0.5842 |
Taiyuan | 0.6408 | Shangrao | 0.5851 | Dongguan | 1.0000 |
Yangquan | 0.9216 | Jinan | 0.6935 | Zhongshan | 1.0000 |
Changzhi | 0.5856 | Qingdao | 1.0000 | Jieyang | 0.8596 |
Jincheng | 0.7568 | Zaozhuang | 0.7604 | Yunfu | 0.6651 |
Shuozhou | 1.0000 | Yantai | 0.9977 | Nanning | 0.5461 |
Jinzhong | 0.5303 | Weifang | 0.9160 | Liuzhou | 0.5519 |
Xinzhou | 0.9839 | Weihai | 1.0000 | Guilin | 1.0000 |
Hohhot | 0.7294 | Rizhao | 0.8932 | Fangchenggang | 0.8428 |
Dalian | 1.0000 | Linyi | 0.4755 | Haikou | 1.0000 |
Changchun | 0.7904 | Dezhou | 0.8752 | Sanya | 1.0000 |
Siping | 1.0000 | Binzhou | 0.5964 | Chongqing | 0.7469 |
Harbin | 0.9323 | Zhengzhou | 0.7941 | Chengdu | 0.8576 |
Shanghai | 1.0000 | Luoyang | 0.6809 | Zigong | 0.9404 |
Nanjing | 0.7045 | Pingdingshan | 0.5524 | Luzhou | 0.5564 |
Wuxi | 0.9391 | Anyang | 0.5155 | Deyang | 0.9687 |
Xuzhou | 0.7512 | Xinxiang | 0.5187 | Guangyuan | 0.5647 |
Suzhou | 0.9202 | Puyang | 0.7783 | Suining | 0.8994 |
Nantong | 0.7810 | Sanmenxia | 0.7460 | Neijiang | 0.8997 |
Lianyungang | 0.7150 | Nanyang | 0.6271 | Leshan | 0.7230 |
Huai’an | 0.7022 | Shangqiu | 0.5487 | Guiyang | 0.7262 |
Zhenjiang | 1.0000 | Xinyang | 0.6220 | Liupanshui | 0.6859 |
Taizhou (in Jiangsu province) | 1.0000 | Zhoukou | 0.9958 | Bijie | 0.5793 |
Suqian | 0.9324 | Wuhan | 0.9350 | Kunming | 0.4666 |
Hangzhou | 0.9382 | Huangshi | 0.4199 | Xi’an | 0.8617 |
Ningbo | 0.6511 | Shiyan | 0.5939 | Baoji | 0.7023 |
Wenzhou | 0.6038 | Yichang | 0.7023 | Xianyang | 1.0000 |
Shaoxing | 0.7302 | Xiangyang | 0.8117 | Weinan | 0.5740 |
Jinhua | 0.5460 | Jingmen | 0.5789 | Yan’an | 0.6469 |
Taizhou (in Zhejiang province) | 0.7532 | Suizhou | 1.0000 | Hanzhong | 0.4886 |
Hefei | 0.7062 | Changsha | 1.0000 | Yulin | 1.0000 |
Wuhu | 0.6830 | Zhuzhou | 0.6906 | Ankang | 0.8596 |
Huainan | 0.5013 | Xiangtan | 0.9157 | Shangluo | 0.5744 |
Bozhou | 0.4732 | Shaoyang | 0.4829 | Lanzhou | 0.5134 |
Chizhou | 0.6260 | Changde | 0.6812 | Jiayuguan | 1.0000 |
Xuancheng | 0.5604 | Zhangjiajie | 1.0000 | Zhangye | 1.0000 |
Fuzhou | 0.6572 | Yiyang | 0.9264 | Yinchuan | 0.5954 |
Xiamen | 0.9238 | Chenzhou | 0.6199 | Shizuishan | 0.8117 |
Putian | 0.4820 | Yongzhou | 0.5868 | Urumqi | 0.5833 |
Sanming | 0.6721 | Huaihua | 0.6585 | Karamay | 1.0000 |
Quanzhou | 0.7435 | Guangzhou | 1.0000 | Turpan | 1.0000 |
Zhangzhou | 0.8133 | Shaoguan | 0.6360 | Hami | 0.9779 |
Nanping | 0.6197 |
City | Performance | City | Performance | City | Performance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 1.0000 | Longyan | 0.1824 | Zhuhai | 0.3899 |
Tianjin | 0.3127 | Ningde | 0.1538 | Shantou | 0.2447 |
Tangshan | 0.0380 | Nanchang | 1.0000 | Foshan | 0.4797 |
Handan | 0.0745 | Jingdezhen | 0.1022 | Maoming | 0.2421 |
Baoding | 0.5150 | Jiujiang | 0.1174 | Zhaoqing | 0.2481 |
Cangzhou | 0.1121 | Ganzhou | 0.3186 | Shanwei | 0.2829 |
Taiyuan | 0.4589 | Shangrao | 0.1434 | Dongguan | 0.5231 |
Yangquan | 0.0356 | Jinan | 0.5153 | Zhongshan | 0.5476 |
Changzhi | 0.0311 | Qingdao | 0.4436 | Jieyang | 0.2679 |
Jincheng | 0.0302 | Zaozhuang | 0.0783 | Yunfu | 0.2765 |
Shuozhou | 0.0351 | Yantai | 0.1927 | Nanning | 0.8244 |
Jinzhong | 0.0750 | Weifang | 0.1163 | Liuzhou | 0.2296 |
Xinzhou | 0.0356 | Weihai | 0.1619 | Guilin | 0.4853 |
Hohhot | 0.5614 | Rizhao | 0.0760 | Fangchenggang | 0.2533 |
Dalian | 0.3811 | Linyi | 0.1995 | Haikou | 1.0000 |
Changchun | 1.0000 | Dezhou | 0.0988 | Sanya | 1.0000 |
Siping | 0.5447 | Binzhou | 0.0759 | Chongqing | 0.7621 |
Harbin | 0.6618 | Zhengzhou | 0.8720 | Chengdu | 1.0000 |
Shanghai | 1.0000 | Luoyang | 0.1377 | Zigong | 0.1842 |
Nanjing | 1.0000 | Pingdingshan | 0.1082 | Luzhou | 0.1853 |
Wuxi | 0.1845 | Anyang | 0.1180 | Deyang | 0.2442 |
Xuzhou | 0.2349 | Xinxiang | 0.2667 | Guangyuan | 0.2609 |
Suzhou | 0.2153 | Puyang | 0.2461 | Suining | 0.1845 |
Nantong | 0.3050 | Sanmenxia | 0.1007 | Neijiang | 0.1711 |
Lianyungang | 0.1311 | Nanyang | 0.2980 | Leshan | 0.1757 |
Huai’an | 0.1622 | Shangqiu | 0.2901 | Guiyang | 0.7076 |
Zhenjiang | 0.1515 | Xinyang | 0.2032 | Liupanshui | 0.1550 |
Taizhou (in Jiangsu province) | 0.9732 | Zhoukou | 1.0000 | Bijie | 0.1602 |
Suqian | 0.2514 | Wuhan | 1.0000 | Kunming | 0.6240 |
Hangzhou | 0.8437 | Huangshi | 0.1936 | Xi’an | 1.0000 |
Ningbo | 0.1420 | Shiyan | 0.3394 | Baoji | 0.1480 |
Wenzhou | 0.4891 | Yichang | 0.2776 | Xianyang | 0.1573 |
Shaoxing | 0.2426 | Xiangyang | 0.3591 | Weinan | 0.1050 |
Jinhua | 0.3012 | Jingmen | 0.1936 | Yan’an | 0.1055 |
Taizhou (in Zhejiang province) | 0.2200 | Suizhou | 1.0000 | Hanzhong | 0.1059 |
Hefei | 0.2469 | Changsha | 1.0000 | Yulin | 0.1016 |
Wuhu | 0.1628 | Zhuzhou | 0.4248 | Ankang | 0.1907 |
Huainan | 0.1111 | Xiangtan | 1.0000 | Shangluo | 0.1641 |
Bozhou | 0.1110 | Shaoyang | 0.8496 | Lanzhou | 1.0000 |
Chizhou | 0.1106 | Changde | 0.7089 | Jiayuguan | 0.1805 |
Xuancheng | 0.1089 | Zhangjiajie | 0.5134 | Zhangye | 0.1644 |
Fuzhou | 0.2899 | Yiyang | 0.4427 | Yinchuan | 0.0336 |
Xiamen | 0.8942 | Chenzhou | 0.3605 | Shizuishan | 0.0346 |
Putian | 0.2204 | Yongzhou | 0.9741 | Urumqi | 0.2557 |
Sanming | 0.1677 | Huaihua | 0.7908 | Karamay | 0.0579 |
Quanzhou | 0.1798 | Guangzhou | 1.0000 | Turpan | 0.1165 |
Zhangzhou | 0.2647 | Shaoguan | 0.2597 | Hami | 0.0674 |
Nanping | 0.1764 |
Province | Economic Dimension | Environmental Dimension | Well-Being Dimension | Multiple Dimensions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | Beijing | Beijing | Beijing | Beijing |
Tianjin | Tianjin | Tianjin | Tianjin | Tianjin |
Hebei | Tangshan | Tangshan/Cangzhou | Baoding | Baoding |
Shanxi | Shuozhou | Shuozhou | Taiyuan | Shuozhou |
Inner Mongolia | Hohhot | Hohhot | Hohhot | Hohhot |
Liaoning | Dalian | Dalian | Dalian | Dalian |
Jilin | Siping | Siping | Changchun | Siping |
Heilongjiang | Harbin | Harbin | Harbin | Harbin |
Shanghai | Shanghai | Shanghai | Shanghai | Shanghai |
Jiangsu | Taizhou | Taizhou/Zhenjiang | Nanjing | Taizhou |
Zhejiang | Hangzhou | Hangzhou | Hangzhou | Hangzhou |
Anhui | Chizhou | Hefei | Hefei | Hefei |
Fujian | Longyan | Xiamen | Xiamen | Xiamen |
Jiangxi | Nanchang | Nanchang | Nanchang | Nanchang |
Shandong | Weihai | Weihai/Qingdao | Jinan | Qingdao |
Henan | Zhoukou | Zhoukou | Zhoukou | Zhoukou |
Hubei | Wuhan | Suizhou | Wuhan/Suizhou | Wuhan |
Hunan | Changsha/Zhangjiajie | Changsha/Zhangjiajie | Changsha/Xiangtan | Changsha |
Guangdong | Guangzhou/Foshan/ Dongguan/Zhongshan | Guangzhou/Foshan/ Dongguan/Zhongshan | Guangzhou | Guangzhou |
Guangxi | Guilin | Guilin | Nanning | Guilin |
Hainan | Haikou/Sanya | Haikou/Sanya | Haikou/Sanya | Haikou/Sanya |
Chongqing | Chongqing | Chongqing | Chongqing | Chongqing |
Sichuan | Deyang | Deyang | Chengdu | Chengdu |
Guizhou | Guiyang | Guiyang | Guiyang | Guiyang |
Shaanxi | Xianyang/Yulin | Xianyang/Yulin | Xi’an | Xi’an |
Gansu | Jiayuguan/Zhangye | Jiayuguan/Zhangye | Lanzhou | Jiayuguan |
Ningxia | Shizuishan | Shizuishan | Shizuishan | Shizuishan |
Xinjiang | Turpan | Karamay/Turpan | Urumqi | Turpan |
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Wang, L.; Li, W.; Li, G.; Zhang, G. Concept Evolution and Multi-Dimensional Measurement Comparison of Urban Energy Performance from the Perspective of System Correlation: Empirical Analysis of 142 Prefecture Level Cities in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413046
Wang L, Li W, Li G, Zhang G. Concept Evolution and Multi-Dimensional Measurement Comparison of Urban Energy Performance from the Perspective of System Correlation: Empirical Analysis of 142 Prefecture Level Cities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):13046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413046
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lei, Wei Li, Guomin Li, and Guozhen Zhang. 2021. "Concept Evolution and Multi-Dimensional Measurement Comparison of Urban Energy Performance from the Perspective of System Correlation: Empirical Analysis of 142 Prefecture Level Cities in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 13046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413046