Meaningful Activities and Psychosomatic Functions in Japanese Older Adults after Driving Cessation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Meaningful Activity
2.3. Psychosomatic Functions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Active Driving (n = 549) | After Driving Cessation (n = 45) | ||
Age (Years) | 73.1 ± 5.6 | 77.1 ± 6.5 | <0.001 a |
Women, n (%) | 280 (51.0) | 36 (80.0) | <0.001 b |
Education (Years) | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 11.0 ± 1.8 | 0.131 a |
Medication (Numbers) | 3.56 ± 4.4 | 5.51 ± 4.3 | 0.005 a |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 0.871 a |
Grip strength (kg) | 27.0 ± 7.0 | 21.8 ± 6.8 | <0.001 a |
JST-IC (Points) | 12.1 ± 2.9 | 9.96 ± 2.7 | <0.001 a |
GDS (Points) | 2.32 ± 2.4 | 2.95 ± 2.6 | 0.118 a |
Depression, n (%) | 80 (14.6) | 10 (22.7) | 0.147 b |
Apathy, n (%) | 115 (20.9) | 17 (37.8) | 0.009 b |
Poor Cognition, n (%) | 92 (16.8) | 7 (15.6) | 0.835 b |
Living Alone, n (%) | 119 (20.9) | 18 (40.0) | 0.003 b |
Physical frailty, n (%) | 7 (1.3) | 5 (11.1) | 0.001 b |
Cognitive frailty, n (%) | 47 (8.6) | 7 (15.6) | 0.102 b |
Social frailty, n (%) | 61 (11.1) | 12 (26.7) | 0.002 b |
Satisfaction with Activity | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) | 0.266 c |
Performance of Activity | 8.0 (7.0–10.0) | 8.0 (7.0–10.0) | 0.655 c |
No. | Active Driving Group (n = 549) | After Driving Cessation Group (n = 45) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic life | 1 | Cooking meals (27.0%) | 1 | Cooking meals (36.7%) |
2 | Collecting information (14.7%) | 2 | Shopping (11.6%) | |
3 | Shopping (14.5%) | Laundry (11.6%) | ||
4 | Cleaning (11.5%) | 4 | Cleaning (10.0%) | |
5 | Laundry (10.6%) | 5 | Collecting information (8.3%) | |
6 | Child Care (6.0%) | 6 | Management of property (6.7%) | |
7 | Assisting old people/patients (4.0%) | 7 | Making and repairing clothes (5.0%) | |
8 | Household maintenance (3.5%) | Child Care (5.0%) | ||
9 | Management of property (3.0%) | 9 | Household maintenance (1.7%) | |
10 | Maintaining vehicles/appliances (2.5%) | Assisting old people/patients (1.7%) | ||
11 | Makeup (1.4%) | Barbershop (1.7%) | ||
12 | Making and repairing clothes (0.9%) | |||
13 | Writing a letter/document (0.2%) | |||
Barbershop (0.2%) | ||||
Work/Education | 1 | Remunerative employment (56.4%) | 1 | Remunerative employment (66.7%) |
2 | Non-remunerative employment (38.5%) | 2 | Non-remunerative employment (33.3%) | |
3 | Informal education (4.5%) | |||
4 | School education (0.6%) |
Group | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Active Driving (n = 280) | After Driving Cessation (n = 36) | ||
Age (Years) | 72.1 ± 5.0 | 77.6 ± 6.6 | <0.001 a |
Education (Years) | 11.3 ± 1.9 | 10.9 ± 1.7 | 0.243 a |
Medication (Number) | 3.18 ± 3.5 | 5.5 ± 4.2 | <0.001 a |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 0.273 a |
Grip strength (kg) | 22.3 ± 4.2 | 19.6 ± 4.1 | <0.001 a |
JST-IC (Points) | 12.6 ± 2.6 | 10.2 ± 2.5 | <0.001 a |
GDS (Points) | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 3.0 ± 2.5 | 0.181 a |
Depression, n (%) | 43 (15.4) | 8 (22.9) | 0.256 b |
Apathy, n (%) | 68 (24.3) | 14 (38.9) | 0.060 b |
Poor Cognition, n (%) | 35 (12.5) | 4 (11.1) | 0.534 b |
Living Alone, n (%) | 73 (26.1) | 14 (38.9) | 0.105 b |
Physical frailty, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (8.3) | 0.005 b |
Cognitive frailty, n (%) | 14 (5.0) | 5 (13.9) | 0.051 b |
Social frailty, n (%) | 24 (8.6) | 8 (22.2) | 0.018 b |
Satisfaction with Activity | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) | 0.178 c |
Performance of Activity | 7.0 (7.0–10.0) | 10.0 (8.0–10.0) | 0.281 c |
Group | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
High-Frequency (n = 387) | Medium (n = 119) | Infrequent (n = 42) | ||
Age, mean ± SD (Years) | 73.1 ± 5.5 | 73.2 ± 5.6 | 73.7 ± 6.5 | 0.745 a |
Women, n (%) | 185 (47.8) | 70 (58.8) | 25 (59.5) | 0.057 b |
Education, mean ± SD (Years) | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 11.6 ± 2.2 | 11.6 ± 2.5 | 0.721 a |
Medication ± SD (Number) | 3.7 ± 4.8 | 3.2 ± 3.4 | 3.0 ± 3.4 | 0.319 a |
BMI, mean ± SD (Kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 23.1 ± 4.0 | 0.273 a |
Grip strength, mean ± SD (Kg) | 27.5 ± 7.1 | 26.0 ± 7.1 | 25.0 ± 4.7 | 0.007 a |
JST-IC, mean ± SD (Points) | 12.1 ± 2.9 | 12.2 ± 2.8 | 11.6 ± 3.0 | 0.445 a |
GDS, mean ± (Points) | 2.2 ± 2.3 | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 0.124 a |
Depression, n (%) | 48 (12.4) | 22 (18.5) | 10 (23.8) | 0.055 b |
Apathy, n (%) | 66 (17.1) | 33 (27.7) | 16 (38.1) | 0.001 b |
Poor Cognition, n (%) | 71 (18.3) | 15 (12.6) | 6 (14.3) | 0.309 b |
Living Alone, n (%) | 81 (20.9) | 27 (22.7) | 7 (16.7) | 0.711 b |
Physical frailty, n (%) | 4 (1.0) | 2 (1.7) | 1 (2.4) | 0.690 b |
Cognitive frailty, n (%) | 30 (7.8) | 16 (34.0) | 1 (2.4) | 0.050 b |
Social frailty, n (%) | 35 (9.0) | 17 (14.3) | 9 (21.4) | 0.025 b |
Satisfaction with Activity, Median (IQR) | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 0.289 c |
Performance of Activity, Median (IQR) | 8.0 (7.0–10.0) | 8.0 (7.0–10.0) | 9.0 (7.0–10.0) | 0.642 c |
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Nakamura, A.; Maruta, M.; Makizako, H.; Miyata, M.; Miyata, H.; Han, G.; Ikeda, Y.; Shimokihara, S.; Tokuda, K.; Kubozono, T.; et al. Meaningful Activities and Psychosomatic Functions in Japanese Older Adults after Driving Cessation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413270
Nakamura A, Maruta M, Makizako H, Miyata M, Miyata H, Han G, Ikeda Y, Shimokihara S, Tokuda K, Kubozono T, et al. Meaningful Activities and Psychosomatic Functions in Japanese Older Adults after Driving Cessation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):13270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413270
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakamura, Atsushi, Michio Maruta, Hyuma Makizako, Masaaki Miyata, Hironori Miyata, Gwanghee Han, Yuriko Ikeda, Suguru Shimokihara, Keiichiro Tokuda, Takuro Kubozono, and et al. 2021. "Meaningful Activities and Psychosomatic Functions in Japanese Older Adults after Driving Cessation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 13270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413270