Associations of Medical Visits with Dentist Visits: A Register-Linkage Study of a Working-Age Population in Finland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data on Outpatient Medical Visits and Dental Care Visits
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Distributions of Medical and Dentist Visits
3.2. Adjusted Associations of Medical and Dentist Visits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Intercept | 0.27 | (0.25, 0.29) | <0.001 | 0.35 | (0.33, 0.38) | <0.001 |
Total medical visits | ||||||
0 (ref.) | 1 | |||||
1–2 | 1.43 | (1.33, 1.53) | <0.001 | |||
3–5 | 1.67 | (1.58, 1.76) | <0.001 | |||
6–10 | 1.98 | (1.88, 2.10) | <0.001 | |||
>10 | 2.6 | (2.47, 2.75) | <0.001 | |||
Public visits | ||||||
0 (ref.) | 1 | |||||
1–2 | 1.17 | (1.12, 1.22) | <0.001 | |||
3–5 | 1.31 | (1.26, 1.36) | <0.001 | |||
6–10 | 1.55 | (1.47, 1.64) | <0.001 | |||
>10 | 1.88 | (1.78, 1.97) | <0.001 | |||
OHS visits | ||||||
0 (ref.) | 1 | |||||
1–2 | 0.95 | (0.89, 1.02) | 0.176 | |||
3–5 | 1.03 | (0.98, 1.07) | 0.255 | |||
6–10 | 1.14 | (1.09, 1.20) | <0.001 | |||
>10 | 1.39 | (1.33, 1.45) | <0.001 | |||
Private visits | ||||||
0 (ref.) | 1 | |||||
1–2 | 1.35 | (1.30, 1.41) | <0.001 | |||
3–5 | 1.58 | (1.52, 1.65) | <0.001 | |||
6–10 | 1.79 | (1.63, 1.96) | <0.001 | |||
>10 | 2.36 | (2.00, 2.80) | <0.001 | |||
Education | ||||||
Upper tertiary | 1.26 | (1.18, 1.34) | <0.001 | 1.23 | (1.15, 1.31) | <0.001 |
Lower tertiary | 1.38 | (1.31, 1.46) | <0.001 | 1.35 | (1.28, 1.43) | <0.001 |
Secondary | 1.22 | (1.16, 1.28) | <0.001 | 1.21 | (1.15, 1.27) | <0.001 |
Basic (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Occupational class | ||||||
U. non-manual employee | 1.02 | (0.97, 1.08) | 0.455 | 1 | (0.95, 1.06) | 0.966 |
L. non-manual employee | 1.02 | (0.98, 1.07) | 0.307 | 1.02 | (0.97, 1.07) | 0.507 |
Manual worker (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Entrepreneur | 1.25 | (1.17, 1.34) | <0.001 | 1.08 | (1.00, 1.16) | 0.043 |
Other | 1.11 | (1.06, 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.06 | (1.01, 1.12) | 0.024 |
Income | ||||||
Quantile 5 | 2.33 | (2.19, 2.47) | <0.001 | 2.46 | (2.31, 2.62) | <0.001 |
Quantile 4 | 1.78 | (1.69, 1.88) | <0.001 | 1.88 | (1.77, 1.99) | <0.001 |
Quantile 3 | 1.59 | (1.51, 1.67) | <0.001 | 1.64 | (1.55, 1.73) | <0.001 |
Quantile 2 | 1.36 | (1.30, 1.43) | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.30, 1.43) | <0.001 |
Quantile 1 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Sex | ||||||
Male (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Female | 1.59 | (1.54, 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.49 | (1.45, 1.54) | <0.001 |
Number of entitlements to special medicine reimbursements | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.03) | 0.106 | 1 | (0.99, 1.02) | 0.581 |
Age group | ||||||
25–34 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||||
35–44 | 1.13 | (1.09, 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.13 | (1.08, 1.17) | <0.001 |
45–54 | 1.64 | (1.57, 1.70) | <0.001 | 1.62 | (1.56, 1.69) | <0.001 |
55–64 | 2.03 | (1.94, 2.12) | <0.001 | 1.96 | (1.87, 2.05) | <0.001 |
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N | % | Mean | Median | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 46,550 | 51.1 | ||
Female | 44,510 | 48.9 | ||
Age group | ||||
25–34 | 23,391 | 25.7 | 29.7 | 30.0 |
35–44 | 24,113 | 26.5 | 39.3 | 39.0 |
45–54 | 22,114 | 24.3 | 49.6 | 50.0 |
55–64 | 21,442 | 23.5 | 59.4 | 59.0 |
Education | ||||
Upper tertiary | 17,391 | 19.1 | ||
Lower tertiary | 26,206 | 28.8 | ||
Secondary | 38,184 | 41.9 | ||
Basic | 9279 | 10.2 | ||
Occupational class | ||||
Upper non-manual employee | 21,560 | 23.7 | ||
Lower non-manual employee | 25,006 | 27.5 | ||
Manual worker | 15,139 | 16.6 | ||
Entrepreneur | 5531 | 6.1 | ||
Other | 23,824 | 26.2 | ||
Income quintile | ||||
Income quintile 5 | 18,212 | 20.0 | 161,352.1 | 131,323.4 |
Income quintile 4 | 18,212 | 20.0 | 87,178.1 | 86,435.0 |
Income quintile 3 | 18,212 | 20.0 | 65,828.7 | 65,773.8 |
Income quintile 2 | 18,212 | 20.0 | 46,723.2 | 47,243.1 |
Income quintile 1 | 18,212 | 20.0 | 21,081.8 | 20,642.6 |
Number of entitlements to special medicine reimbursement | 0.5 | 0.0 | ||
Residents with entitlements to special medicine reimbursement | 25,200 | 27.7 | ||
Total number of residents | 91,060 |
N | % | Mean | Median | IQR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of medical visits | |||||
Total | 13.8 | 8 | 15 | ||
Public | 6.4 | 2 | 6 | ||
OHS | 6.2 | 2 | 9 | ||
Private | 1.2 | 0 | 1 | ||
Number of dentist visits | 2.2 | 1 | 3 | ||
Residents with medical visits to | |||||
Any sector | 83,111 | 91.3 | |||
Public | 61,706 | 67.8 | |||
OHS | 50,523 | 55.5 | |||
Private | 36,025 | 39.6 | |||
Residents with dentist visits | 58,733 | 64.5 | |||
Residents with | |||||
Medical and dentist visits | 55,250 | 60.7 | |||
Only medical visits | 27,861 | 30.6 | |||
Only dentist visits | 3483 | 3.8 | |||
No medical or dentist visits | 4466 | 4.9 |
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Nurminen, M.; Blomgren, J. Associations of Medical Visits with Dentist Visits: A Register-Linkage Study of a Working-Age Population in Finland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413337
Nurminen M, Blomgren J. Associations of Medical Visits with Dentist Visits: A Register-Linkage Study of a Working-Age Population in Finland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):13337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413337
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurminen, Mikko, and Jenni Blomgren. 2021. "Associations of Medical Visits with Dentist Visits: A Register-Linkage Study of a Working-Age Population in Finland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 13337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413337