Social Functioning as a Mediator between Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Emotional Problems in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. DLD and Emotional Difficulties
1.2. DLD and Social Functioning
1.3. The Emotional Impact of Social Difficulties
1.4. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Parent-Report
Parent-Report of Socioemotional Abilities
Parent-Report of Autism
2.3.2. Adolescent-Report for Screening Sample Only
Adolescent-Report of Language Abilities
2.3.3. Adolescent Assessment
Language Assessment
Nonverbal Ability
2.3.4. Adolescent Self-Report of Social and Emotional Outcomes
Friendships
Social Support
Mental Well-Being
Anxiety
Depressive Symptoms
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cognitive and Language Measures
3.2. Social and Emotional Outcomes
3.3. Social Functioning as a Mediator
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DLD (n = 26) | TLD (n = 27) | Total (n = 53) | DLD vs. TLD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age in yrs; mths (SD months) | 13;6 (16.06) | 13;6 (17.13) | 13;6 (16.45) | -- |
Female % (n) | 34.6 (10) | 37 (9) | 35.8 (19) | X2 0.03 |
Mean IDACI Z-score (SD) a | 0.28 (0.91) | 0.84 (0.68) | 0.58 (0.83) | −0.56^(−1.01, −0.11) ** |
Language spoken | X2 0.31 | |||
English only % | 96.2 | 92.6 | 94.3 | |
English plus other % | 3.8 | 7.4 | 5.7 | |
Motor development | 0.49^(0.15, 1.59) | |||
Delayed % | 26.9 | 3.7 | 15.1 | |
Typical % | 53.8 | 81.5 | 67.9 | |
Fast % | 19.2 | 14.8 | 17 | |
Speech and language development | 0.05^(0.01, 0.21) *** | |||
Delayed % | 69.2 | 7.4 | 37.7 | |
Typical % | 26.9 | 70.4 | 49.1 | |
Fast % | 3.8 | 22.2 | 13.2 | |
Self-help development | 0.17^(0.05, 0.63) ** | |||
Delayed % | 46.2 | 3.7 | 24.5 | |
Typical % | 42.3 | 85.2 | 64.2 | |
Fast % | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.3 | |
Biological parents | X2 2.25 | |||
Yes % | 92.0 | 100.0 | 96.2 | |
No—adopted % | 8.0 | 0 | 3.8 | |
Parental marital status | 3.85^(0.89, 16.55) | |||
Married % | 68.0 | 88.9 | 78.8 | |
Separated % | 16.0 | 7.4 | 11.5 | |
Divorced % | 16.0 | 3.7 | 9.6 | |
Parental psychological distress b | X2 0.01 | |||
Yes % | 16.0 | 14.8 | 15.4 | |
No % | 84.0 | 85.2 | 84.6 | |
Parental education | 0.19^(0.06, 0.58) ** | |||
Secondary school % | 44.0 | 18.5 | 30.8 | |
Diploma % | 12.0 | 0 | 5.8 | |
Undergraduate degree % | 36.0 | 44.4 | 40.4 | |
Postgraduate degree % | 8.0 | 37.0 | 23.1 |
DLD (n = 26) | TLD (n = 27) | F | p | ηp2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial Reasoning a | 8.15 (2.84) | 11.89 (2.47) | 19.64 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
Expressive Language b | 4.92 (2.93) | 9.93 (2.96) | 29.21 | <0.001 | 0.38 |
Receptive Language c | 6.04 (2.92) | 13.00 (2.39) | 67.27 | <0.001 | 0.58 |
DLD | TLD | DLD vs. TLD | Effect Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-report | ||||
Best Friend | X2 3.20, n.s. | |||
Yes (%) | 84.6 | 63.0 | - | |
No (%) | 15.4 | 37.0 | ||
Argue with friends | X2 5.64 * | Φ − 0.33 | ||
Yes (%) | 46.2 | 77.8 | ||
No (%) | 53.8 | 22.2 | ||
Member of social clubs | X2 8.27 ** | Φ − 0.40 | ||
Yes (%) | 65.4 | 96.3 | ||
No (%) | 34.6 | 3.7 | ||
Victim of bullying | X2 0.96, n.s. | - | ||
Yes (%) | 61.5 | 48.1 | ||
No (%) | 38.5 | 51.9 | ||
Bully others | X2 2.18, n.s. | - | ||
Yes (%) | 7.7 | 22.2 | ||
No (%) | 92.3 | 77.8 | ||
Perceived Social Support—Friendship Scale (PSS-Fr) | 11.15 (3.71) | 11.22 (2.65) | −0.13[−1.98, 1.71] n.s. | - |
Parent-report | ||||
SDQ Peer Problems | 3.31 (2.53) | 1.04 (1.56) | 1.11[0.43, 1.80] ** | d −1.09[−1.67, −0.51] *** |
DLD | TLD | DLD vs. TLD | Cohen’s d [95% CI] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-report | ||||
Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) | 51.96 (9.28) | 54.22 (6.52) | −1.27[−7.61, 2.19] n.s. | 0.28[−0.26, 0.82] |
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) | 20.54 (15.77) | 12.93 (10.53) | 0.87[−0.15, 1.89] n.s. | −0.46[−1.0, −0.09] |
Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) | 14.65 (14.14) | 9.00 (9.46) | 0.48[−0.62, 1.58] n.s. | −0.27[−0.81, 0.27] |
Parent-report | ||||
SDQ Emotional Problems | 3.54 (2.97) | 1.63 (2.06) | 0.83[0.15, 1.50] * | −0.75[−1.30, −0.20] ** |
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Forrest, C.L.; Gibson, J.L.; St Clair, M.C. Social Functioning as a Mediator between Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Emotional Problems in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031221
Forrest CL, Gibson JL, St Clair MC. Social Functioning as a Mediator between Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Emotional Problems in Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031221
Chicago/Turabian StyleForrest, Claire L., Jenny L. Gibson, and Michelle C. St Clair. 2021. "Social Functioning as a Mediator between Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Emotional Problems in Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031221