Anxiety in Frontline and Non-Frontline Healthcare Providers in Kelantan, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frontline | Non-Frontline | Chi2 (df c) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
Age (years) a | 38.0 | (6.21) | 38.5 | (7.13) | −0.7 (304) | 0.511 |
Household income (RM) a,b | 5754.7 | (3121.83) | 4369.1 | (2726.48) | 3.4 (304) | 0.001 |
Number of children a | 2.5 | (1.53) | 2.3 | (1.57) | 1.0 (304) | 0.305 |
Duration of employment (years) a | 12.7 | (5.84) | 12.4 | (7.01) | 0.3 (304) | 0.754 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 19 | (11.9) | 42 | (28.8) | 13.7 (1) | <0.005 |
Female | 141 | (88.1) | 104 | (71.2) | ||
Race | ||||||
Malay | 156 | (97.5) | 145 | (99.3) | 1.6 (1) | 0.374 d |
Non-Malay | 4 | (2.5) | 1 | (0.7) | ||
Education level | ||||||
Diploma | 134 | (83.8) | 135 | (92.4) | 6.0 (2) | 0.055 d |
Bachelor | 18 | (11.2) | 9 | (6.2) | ||
Master | 8 | (5.0) | 2 | (1.4) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 133 | (83.1) | 132 | (90.4) | 3.5 (1) | 0.062 |
Unmarried | 27 | (16.9) | 14 | (9.6) | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Paramedics | 137 | (85.6) | 139 | (95.2) | 7.9 (1) | 0.005 |
Medical staffs | 23 | (14.4) | 7 | (4.8) | ||
Department | ||||||
Medical | 54 | (33.8) | 24 | (16.4) | 154.0 (5) | <0.005 d |
Emergency | 2 | (1.3) | 51 | (34.9) | ||
Intensive Care Unit | 67 | (41.9) | 0 | (0) | ||
Surgical | 14 | (8.8) | 56 | (38.4) | ||
Obstetric Gynaecology | 5 | (3.1) | 0 | (0) | ||
Others | 18 | (11.2) | 15 | (10.2) | ||
Shift work | ||||||
No | 154 | (96.2) | 137 | (93.8) | 3.9 (1) | 0.048 |
Yes | 6 | (3.8) | 9 | (6.2) | ||
Social support | ||||||
Emotional support a | 70.3 | (25.44) | 58.5 | (27.93) | 3.9 (304) | <0.005 |
Tangible support a | 64.4 | (28.21) | 56.2 | (29.13) | 2.5 (304) | 0.013 |
Affectionate support a | 74.7 | (25.55) | 62.8 | (28.70) | 3.8 (291.51) | <0.005 |
Positive social interaction a | 74.2 | (24.48) | 62.5 | (27.51) | 3.9 (291.50) | <0.005 |
Frontliners (n = 160) | Non-Frontliners (n = 146) | t (df b) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Items | Mean | (SD) a | Mean | (SD) a | ||
1 | I feel tense or “wound up.” | 1.43 | (0.86) | 1.36 | (0.98) | 0.59 (304) | 0.555 |
3 | I get a sort of frightened, feeling as if something awful is about to happen. | 0.96 | (0.74) | 1.1 | (0.83) | −1.55 (304) | 0.121 |
5 | Worrying thoughts go through my mind. | 0.39 | (0.82) | 0.94 | (1.11) | −4.91 (264.76) | <0.005 |
7 | I can sit at ease and feel relaxed. | 0.93 | (0.84) | 0.96 | (0.89) | −0.34 (304) | 0.732 |
9 | I get a sort of frightened feeling, like “butterflies” in my stomach. | 0.72 | (0.55) | 0.93 | (0.85) | −2.57 (244.41) | 0.011 |
11 | I feel restless, as if I have to be on the move. | 0.74 | (0.77) | 0.78 | (0.78) | −0.49 (304) | 0.625 |
13 | I get sudden feelings of panic. | 0.46 | (0.65) | 0.84 | (0.84) | −4.43 (304) | <0.005 |
Groups | n | Desc Mean a | (SD) b | EMM c (95%CI d) | Mean Diff e (95%CI d) | F Stat f (df g) | p-Value h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frontliners | 160 | 5.6 | (2.98) | 4.9 (4.32; 5.48) | −1.7 (−2.39; −0.97) | 21.62 (1) | <0.001 |
Non-frontliners | 146 | 6.9 | (3.25) | 6.6 (6.05; 7.12) |
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Mohd Noor, N.; Che Yusof, R.; Yacob, M.A. Anxiety in Frontline and Non-Frontline Healthcare Providers in Kelantan, Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030861
Mohd Noor N, Che Yusof R, Yacob MA. Anxiety in Frontline and Non-Frontline Healthcare Providers in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030861
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Noor, Norhayati, Ruhana Che Yusof, and Mohd Azman Yacob. 2021. "Anxiety in Frontline and Non-Frontline Healthcare Providers in Kelantan, Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030861