Mental Health and Psychological Impact on Students with or without Hearing Loss during the Recurrence of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Study Tool
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Mental Health Status and Psychological Impact between Students with or without Hearing Loss
3.2. Association of Demographic Variables with Mental Status and Psychological Impact
3.3. Association of Precautionary Measures, Concerns, Public Service with Mental Health Status and Psychological Impact
3.4. Psychological Inflexibility and Its Association with Mental Health Status and Psychological Impact for SHL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item of Psychological Inflexibility for the Student with Hearing Loss | Percentage (n) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | IES-R | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | T | Mean (SD) | T | Mean (SD) | T | Mean (SD) | T | ||
I am Leading a Full Life, Despite My Frustration with Hearing Loss | |||||||||
Always | 26.22% (43) | 5.26 8.56) | −0.20 | 5.12 (6.36) | 0.79 | 4.23 (6.81) | 0.61 | 9.28 (12.26) | −0.45 |
Most of the time | 26.22% (43) | 10.28 (8.53) | 2.11 * | 3.86 (5.97) | 0.04 | 4.70 (7.02) | 0.86 | 10.53 11.81) | −0.05 |
Sometime | 26.22% (43) | 10.88 (7.86) | 2.54 * | 2.60 (4.87) | −0.85 | 4.33 (8.26) | 0.57 | 11.37 (16.01) | 0.18 |
Occasionally | 9.76% (16) | 10.00 (6.69) | 1.97 | 3.75 (6.40) | −0.02 | 6.00 (9.32) | 1.14 | 16.25 (19.62) | 1.05 |
Never | 11.59% (19) | 5.68 (6.26) | Ref. | 3.79 (5.49) | Ref. | 3.16 (5.18) | Ref. | 10.68 (8.85) | Ref. |
My Life is Going Well, Despite Negative Thoughts and Feelings about My Hearing Loss | |||||||||
Always | 26.22% (43) | 4.33 (7.02) | −1.18 | 4.47 (6.09) | 0.63 | 3.77 (6.30) | −0.40 | 9.63 (11.44) | −0.75 |
Most of the time | 33.54% (55) | 10.04 (9.36) | 1.24 | 4.04 (5.68) | 0.42 | 4.25 (6.81) | −0.14 | 9.49 (12.26) | −0.77 |
Sometime | 21.95% (36) | 9.39 (6.57) | 1.26 | 3.89 (6.59) | 0.28 | 4.06 (7.85) | −0.21 | 11.44 (15.27) | −0.17 |
Occasionally | 9.15% (15) | 15.07 (6.13) | 3.44 ** | 1.73 (2.81) | −0.96 | 7.73 (10.85) | 0.98 | 18.20 (20.70) | 0.98 |
Never | 9.15% (15) | 6.80 (7.00) | Ref. | 3.33 (5.79) | Ref. | 4.53 (6.44) | Ref. | 12.20 (11.68) | Ref. |
My Frustration with Hearing Loss has Made Me Less Involved in Activities I Enjoy | |||||||||
Always | 6.71% (11) | 10.00 (11.97) | 1.48 | 6.36 (7.15) | 1.20 | 0.36 (0.81) | −3.96 *** | 5.27 (6.23) | −1.30 |
Most of the time | 14.02% (23) | 11.30 (9.28) | 3.21 ** | 4.87 (7.11) | 0.58 | 5.74 (8.49) | 1.07 | 15.43 (16.84) | 1.56 |
Sometime | 29.27% (48) | 10.29 (7.26) | 4.26 *** | 2.75 (5.03) | −1.10 | 5.13 (7.86) | 1.05 | 10.96 (14.34) | 0.57 |
Occasionally | 20.73% (34) | 9.53 (8.64) | 3.11 ** | 3.71 (5.44) | −0.20 | 4.94 (8.76) | 0.81 | 12.03 (15.98) | 0.81 |
Never | 29.27% (48) | 4.50 (6.00) | Ref. | 3.96 (5.74) | Ref. | 3.67 (5.52) | Ref. | 9.50 (10.34) | Ref. |
I Wish I Could Control Negative Thoughts and Feelings about My Hearing Loss | |||||||||
Always | 14.63% (24) | 7.58 (7.93) | 1.33 | 5.17 (6.21) | 0.44 | 5.00 (7.17) | 0.50 | 14.25 (14.60) | 1.66 |
Most of the time | 15.85% (26) | 9.38 (10.10) | 2.08 * | 5.62 (6.97) | 0.71 | 6.62 (9.94) | 1.13 | 13.58 (17.02) | 1.33 |
Sometime | 26.83% (44) | 9.95 (7.94) | 3.02 ** | 2.32 (3.86) | −1.97 | 3.50 (5.93) | −0.54 | 9.14 (10.43) | 0.19 |
Occasionally | 17.07% (28) | 11.64 (7.58) | 3.73 | 2.50 (5.98) | −1.35 | 3.71 (8.57) | −0.28 | 12.14 (18.63) | 0.89 |
Never | 25.61% (42) | 5.10 (6.93) | Ref. | 4.48 (6.02) | Ref. | 4.19 (5.86) | Ref. | 8.74 (9.47) | Ref. |
Frustration with Hearing Loss does not Interfere with My Goals | |||||||||
Always | 26.22% (43) | 3.86 (6.39) | −1.40 | 4.37 (5.91) | −0.63 | 4.19 (6.14) | −0.55 | 9.47 (11.12) | −1.07 |
Most of the time | 18.29% (30) | 9.07 (8.96) | 1.30 | 4.27 (5.70) | −0.64 | 3.87 (6.58) | −0.64 | 8.20 (11.60) | −1.35 |
Sometime | 29.27% (48) | 12.00 (7.31) | 3.23 | 3.08 (5.47) | −1.29 | 3.96 (6.18) | −0.69 | 11.19 (13.72) | −0.44 |
Occasionally | 12.80% (21) | 12.10 (9.60) | 2.41 * | 2.19 (3.46) | −1.79 | 6.00 (11.31) | 0.27 | 15.95 (20.95) | 0.63 |
Never | 13.41% (22) | 6.18 (6.23) | Ref. | 5.45 (7.79) | Ref. | 5.18 (8.34) | Ref. | 12.68 (12.07) | Ref. |
Despite Negative Thoughts and Feelings about My Hearing Loss, I Can Still Take Care of My Responsibilities | |||||||||
Always | 32.93% (54) | 5.26 (7.26) | −0.99 | 4.22 (5.99) | 0.60 | 5.04 (8.41) | 0.39 | 11.26 (13.98) | 0.32 |
Most of the time | 32.93% (54) | 11.48 (8.83) | 1.78 | 4.93 (6.45) | 1.15 | 4.00 (7.31) | −0.06 | 10.37 (14.40) | 0.09 |
Sometime | 18.29% (30) | 10.53 (8.10) | 1.40 | 2.27 (5.09) | −0.64 | 3.33 (4.53) | −0.45 | 10.17 (11.50) | 0.04 |
Occasionally | 6.10% (10) | 6.80 (7.07) | −0.17 | 1.60 (3.37) | −0.97 | 7.20 (8.01) | 0.99 | 17.10 (15.88) | 1.21 |
Never | 9.76% (16) | 7.25 (6.44) | Ref. | 3.25 (4.67) | Ref. | 4.13 (7.50) | Ref. | 10.00 (13.71) | Ref. |
I Struggle to Get Things Done Because of My Frustration with Hearing Loss | |||||||||
Always | 4.88% (8) | 12.00 (13.27) | 1.63 | 10.00 (7.48) | 2.21 | 5.25 (8.94) | 0.54 | 5.88 (10.40) | −0.93 |
Most of the time | 7.93% (13) | 14.92 (10.44) | 4.60 *** | 3.38 (4.72) | −0.33 | 7.08 (10.73) | 1.04 | 17.54 (22.17) | 1.58 |
Sometime | 34.15% (56) | 10.43 (7.22) | 4.54 *** | 3.36 (5.87) | −0.49 | 4.68 (7.53) | 0.60 | 12.77 (14.03) | 0.99 |
Occasionally | 26.22% (43) | 8.05 (7.46) | 2.61 * | 3.40 (5.90) | −0.43 | 3.77 (6.40) | −0.04 | 8.56 (11.63) | −0.62 |
Never | 26.83% (44) | 4.18 (6.29) | Ref. | 3.91 (5.16) | Ref. | 3.82 (6.51) | Ref. | 10.14 (12.10) | Ref. |
I Need to Manage Negative Thoughts About My Hearing Loss to Have Control Over My Life | |||||||||
Always | 7.32% (12) | 7.33 (8.11) | 1.45 | 6.50 (7.29) | 0.98 | 3.33 (4.46) | −0.36 | 10.58 (12.73) | 0.31 |
Most of the time | 12.20% (20) | 9.20 (10.23) | 1.99 | 6.20 (7.51) | 1.02 | 5.80 (7.81) | 0.96 | 12.40 (15.90) | 0.76 |
Sometime | 28.66% (47) | 11.15 (8.29) | 4.60 *** | 2.77 (4.50) | −1.44 | 4.21 (6.45) | 0.13 | 10.26 (10.57) | 0.37 |
Occasionally | 22.56% (37) | 10.81 (7.84) | 4.34 *** | 2.49 (5.36) | −1.48 | 4.81 (9.70) | 0.44 | 13.38 (18.63) | 1.14 |
Never | 29.27% (48) | 4.33 (5.94) | Ref. | 4.29 (5.72) | Ref. | 4.04 (6.52) | Ref. | 9.42 (11.37) | Ref. |
My Negative Thoughts and Feelings About My Hearing Loss Lead Me to Avoid Situations | |||||||||
Always | 5.49% (9) | 6.00 (7.62) | 0.43 | 3.78 (4.41) | −0.33 | 3.72 (5.87) | 0.93 | 16.44 (15.37) | 2.10 * |
Most of the time | 7.93% (13) | 9.38 (6.85) | 1.99 | 3.23 (6.03) | −0.67 | 8.00 (11.17) | 1.34 | 17.38 (21.71) | 1.51 |
Sometime | 36.59% (60) | 11.50 (9.10) | 4.15 *** | 3.63 (5.36) | −0.78 | 3.67 (6.02) | −0.05 | 10.57 (11.78) | 1.20 |
Occasionally | 19.51% (32) | 9.25 (6.26) | 2.78 ** | 3.50 (6.70) | −0.69 | 4.88 (8.91) | 0.71 | 12.34 (16.63) | 1.32 |
Never | 30.49% (50) | 4.84 (7.43) | Ref. | 4.48 (6.03) | Ref. | 3.72 (5.87) | Ref. | 8.02 (10.09) | Ref. |
I Worry About What Others Think of My Hearing Loss | |||||||||
Always | 4.27% (7) | 13.71 (13.34) | 1.63 | 8.29 (7.06) | 1.40 | 3.43 (5.13) | −0.24 | 6.71 (10.93) | −0.82 |
Most of the time | 10.37% (17) | 10.94 (7.04) | 2.94 ** | 5.06 (7.28) | 0.19 | 5.18 (7.25) | 0.62 | 9.65 (13.96) | −0.27 |
Sometime | 25.00% (41) | 9.90 (7.51) | 3.12 ** | 3.37 (5.54) | −1.11 | 4.83 (7.94) | 0.55 | 13.24 (15.11) | 0.98 |
Occasionally | 25.00% (41) | 9.85 (9.16) | 2.79 ** | 1.80 (3.49) | −2.96 ** | 4.44 (8.38) | 0.27 | 10.66 (15.21) | 0.03 |
Never | 35.37% (58) | 5.38 (6.81) | Ref. | 4.72 (6.27) | Ref. | 4.03 (6.46) | Ref. | 10.57 (11.91) | Ref. |
I Spend a Lot of Time Thinking about How Things Would Be for Me without Hearing Loss | |||||||||
Always | 7.32% (12) | 11.00 (11.62) | 1.84 | 7.33 (6.95) | 1.24 | 1.67 (3.17) | −1.70 | 7.58 (9.93) | −1.05 |
Most of the time | 8.54% (14) | 12.00 (8.38) | 3.40 ** | 3.43 (5.52) | −0.66 | 4.14 (6.99) | 0.09 | 7.50 (13.63) | −1.03 |
Sometime | 35.37% (58) | 9.21 (6.91) | 3.39 ** | 3.07 (5.48) | −1.34 | 5.62 (8.55) | 1.07 | 14.57 (17.19) | 1.37 |
Occasionally | 22.56% (37) | 10.11 (9.28) | 3.10 ** | 3.08 (4.96) | −1.25 | 4.11 (7.21) | 0.10 | 7.97 (11.91) | −1.21 |
Never | 26.22% (43) | 4.56 (6.67) | Ref. | 4.70 (6.41) | Ref. | 3.95 (6.48) | Ref. | 10.88 (9.58) | Ref. |
Frustration with My Hearing Loss Keeps Me from Effectively Treating and Managing It | |||||||||
Always | 4.27% (7) | 14.86 (12.59) | 2.20 | 6.86 (7.65) | 1.29 | 2.29 (5.22) | −0.72 | 8.00 (11.31) | −0.41 |
Most of the time | 7.32% (12) | 8.50 (7.09) | 2.17 * | 5.83 (6.58) | 1.09 | 7.67 (11.18) | 1.33 | 15.67 (22.76) | 0.87 |
Sometime | 22.56% (37) | 11.03 (8.23) | 4.71 *** | 3.62 (5.79) | −0.18 | 3.73 (6.02) | −0.42 | 11.00 (13.31) | 0.47 |
Occasionally | 28.05% (46) | 11.43 (8.08) | 5.29 *** | 3.04 (5.46) | −0.73 | 4.61 (7.48) | 0.20 | 11.83 (14.63) | 0.80 |
Never | 37.80% (62) | 4.26 (6.02) | Ref. | 3.84 (5.68) | Ref. | 4.32 (7.24) | Ref. | 9.82 (11.29) | Ref. |
Item | AAQ-AHL | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
---|---|---|---|
01 | I am leading a full life, despite my frustration with hearing loss | −0.032 | 0.835 |
02 | My life is going well, despite negative thoughts and feelings about my hearing loss | 0.079 | 0.887 |
03 | My frustration with hearing loss has made me less involved in activities I enjoy | 0.740 | 0.170 |
04 | I wish I could control negative thoughts and feelings about my hearing loss | 0.644 | −0.149 |
05 | Frustration with hearing loss does not interfere with my goals | 0.090 | 0.832 |
06 | Despite negative thoughts and feelings about my hearing loss, I can still take care of my responsibilities | −0.025 | 0.803 |
07 | I struggle to get things done because of my frustration with hearing loss | 0.774 | 0.314 |
08 | I need to manage negative thoughts about my hearing loss to have control over my life | 0.772 | 0.056 |
09 | My negative thoughts and feelings about my hearing loss lead me to avoid situations | 0.786 | −0.048 |
10 | I worry about what others think of my hearing loss | 0.764 | −0.021 |
11 | I spend a lot of time thinking how things would be for me without hearing loss | 0.766 | −0.054 |
12 | Frustration with my hearing loss keeps me from effectively treating and managing it | 0.835 | 0.087 |
Factor | Item | CITC | Cronbach α CADT | Cronbach α CF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Item 03 | 0.662 | 0.881 | 0.894 |
Item 04 | 0.543 | 0.895 | ||
Item0 7 | 0.706 | 0.878 | ||
Item 08 | 0.696 | 0.878 | ||
Item 09 | 0.712 | 0.877 | ||
Item 10 | 0.665 | 0.881 | ||
Item 11 | 0.673 | 0.880 | ||
Item 12 | 0.759 | 0.873 | ||
Factor 2 | Item 01 | 0.715 | 0.828 | 0.865 |
Item 02 | 0.779 | 0.803 | ||
Item 05 | 0.709 | 0.831 | ||
Item 06 | 0.660 | 0.849 |
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Demographic Variable | χ2 | Students with Normal Hearing (n = 542) | Students with Hearing Loss (n = 164) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage (n) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | IES-R | Percentage (n) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | IES-R | ||
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | 5.57 * | 37.27% (202) | 1.52 (0.86~2.70) | 2.36 (1.48~3.77) | 2.11 ** (1.36~3.29) | 1.01 (0.64~1.60) | 47.56% (78) | 1.34 (0.61~2.96) | 0.64 (0.28~1.47) | 0.39 (0.15~1.003) | 1.20 (0.43~3.39) |
Female | 62.73% (340) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 52.44% (86) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Age | |||||||||||
13~18 years old | 242.31 *** | 7.20% (39) | 5.81 * (1.35~25.05) | 7.77 ** (1.84~32.85) | 9.09 ** (2.35~35.13) | 14.30 *** (3.75~54.53) | 62.80% (103) | 0.41 * (0.18~0.95) | 1.30 (0.52~3.24) | 1.83 (0.65~5.15) | 1.27 (0.39~4.12) |
19~27 years old | 92.80% (503) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 37.20% (61) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Educational Background | |||||||||||
General school | 589.12 *** | 97.60% (529) | 1.06 (0.18~6.13) | 2.97 (0.52~16.82) | 2.17 (0.47~10.04) | 6.19 (0.68~55.95) | 5.49% (9) | 0.83 (0.15~4.58) | 0.55 (0.05~5.98) | 0.77 (0.05~12.34) | 1.48 (0.10~21.57) |
General and (or) special school | 2.4% (13) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 94.51% (155) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Current Education Level | |||||||||||
Junior or senior high school | 351.23 *** | 12.36% (67) | 0.82 (0.23~2.91) | 0.35 (0.10~1.25) | 0.32 (0.10~1.05) | 0.38 (0.12~1.20) | 89.02% (146) | 0.50 (0.13~1.87) | 1.34 (0.29~6.26) | 0.38 (0.08~1.91) | 0.19 (0.04~1.07) |
University—Bachelors | 87.64% (475) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 10.98% (18) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Father’s Education Level | |||||||||||
Senior high school and above | 31.98 *** | 42.62% (231) | 2.21 * (1.09~4.47) | 1.45 (0.82~2.56) | 1.47 (0.86~2.51) | 1.72 (0.98~3.00) | 18.29% (30) | 1.42 (0.40~5.10) | 0.85 (0.22~3.35) | 0.17 (0.02~1.33) | 0.06 * (0.003~0.90) |
Junior high school and below | 57.38% (311) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 81.71% (134) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Mother’s Education Level | |||||||||||
Senior high school and above | 21.87 *** | 33.58% (182) | 0.62 (0.30~1.30) | 0.53 * (0.28~0.98) | 0.50 * (0.28~0.90) | 0.98 (0.54~1.77) | 14.63% (24) | 0.49 (0.11~2.09) | 0.92 (0.18~4.55) | 1.55 (0.20~12.00) | 2.84 (0.29~27.72) |
Junior high school and below | 66.42% (360) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 85.37% (140) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Father’s Profession | |||||||||||
None or Individual Business | 6.93 * | 25.46% (138) | 0.67 (0.30~1.47) | 0.82 (0.43~1.57) | 0.68 (0.37~1.26) | 0.88 (0.46~1.65) | 35.98% (59) | 0.96 (0.36~2.52) | 0.56 (0.18~1.72) | 0.95 (0.27~3.35) | 0.76 (0.19~2.95) |
Farmer | 32.29% (175) | 0.80 (0.24~2.61) | 0.81 (0.31~2.09) | 0.98 (0.40~2.42) | 1.44 (0.55~3.72) | 28.04% (46) | 0.22 * (0.05~0.98) | 1.05 (0.25~4.45) | 5.14 (0.96~27.63) | 1.47 (0.21~10.54) | |
Worker or Employed | 42.25% (229) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 35.98% (59) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Mother’s Profession | |||||||||||
None or Individual Business | 11.25 ** | 31.00% (168) | 1.71 (0.79~3.71) | 1.41 (0.74~2.68) | 1.28 (0.70~2.34) | 1.42 (0.76~2.65) | 45.12% (74) | 0.76 (0.29~2.00) | 4.05 * (1.16~14.22) | 1.22 (0.36~4.16) | 1.43 (0.38~5.40) |
Farmer | 33.58% (182) | 1.64 (0.47~5.70) | 1.17 (0.44~3.12) | 0.83 (0.33~2.12) | 1.16 (0.43~3.14) | 25.61% (42) | 1.55 (0.33~7.19) | 2.15 (0.39~11.73) | 0.19 (0.03~1.27) | 0.27 (0.03~2.52) | |
Worker or Employed | 35.42% (192) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 29.27% (48) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Living with Someone in Daily Life | |||||||||||
Father or mother | 37.57 *** | 10.33% (56) | 0.96 (0.42~2.20) | 1.54 (0.80~2.99) | 1.38 (0.73~2.63) | 0.90 (0.45~1.81) | 26.22% (43) | 1.45 (0.59~3.58) | 0.68 (0.24~1.91) | 1.26 (0.41~3.88) | 0.85 (0.27~2.65) |
Parents and grandparents | 2.03% (11) | 0.86 (0.10~7.56) | 1.08 (0.21~5.67) | 0.84 (0.16~4.37) | 2.02 (0.52~7.81) | 4.88% (8) | 2.75 (0.51~14.8) | 0.57 (0.06~5.34) | 1.00 (0.09~11.27) | 1.67 (0.15~18.71) | |
Other or Grandparents | 6.46% (35) | 0.80 (0.25~2.53) | 1.71 (0.76~3.85) | 1.67 (0.77~3.62) | 0.79 (0.32~1.98) | 10.37% (17) | 2.35 (0.60~9.27) | 0.83 (0.20~3.38) | 5.39 * (1.27~22.81) | 0.28 (0.03~2.83) | |
Parents | 81.18% (440) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 58.54% (96) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Contracting Systematic Disease | |||||||||||
Yes | 0.00 | 2.95% (16) | 1.24 (0.31~4.98) | 0.69 (0.23~2.07) | 0.93 (0.31~2.77) | 0.57 (0.19~1.75) | 3.05% (5) | 0.08 (0.01~1.06) | 0.61 (0.05~7.63) | 0.98 (0.08~12.73) | 0.17 (0.01~2.98) |
No | 97.05% (526) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 96.95% (159) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Communicative Means | |||||||||||
Gesture and (or) lip-language or Word | 592.64 *** | 0 % (0) | None | None | None | None | 87.20% (143) | 0.23 * (0.06~0.85) | 0.88 (0.23~3.39) | 5.02 (0.47~54.18) | 2.27 (0.27~18.86) |
Mandarin | 100% (542) | None | None | None | None | 12.80% (21) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Satisfaction with the Current Communication Mode | |||||||||||
Satisfaction | 87.28 *** | 78.97% (428) | 0.52 * (0.29~0.96) | 0.59 * (0.35~0.97) | 0.59 * (0.36~0.95) | 0.61 (0.37~1.00) | 40.85% (67) | 0.20 *** (0.08~0.49) | 2.01 (0.84~4.79) | 1.59 (0.60~4.24) | 1.13 (0.37~3.43) |
Fair or Dissatisfaction | 21.03% (114) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 59.15% (97) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Exercise during the COVID~19 Pandemic | |||||||||||
Yes | 0.22 | 78.78% (427) | 0.65 (0.35~1.21) | 0.70 (0.41~1.17) | 0.84 (0.51~1.39) | 1.47 (0.85~2.53) | 80.49% (132) | 1.58 (0.55~4.56) | 1.95 (0.55~6.85) | 1.41 (0.36~5.52) | 1.69 (0.38~7.51) |
No | 21.22% (115) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 19.51% (32) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Bedtime | |||||||||||
Before 9:00 pm | 199.31 *** | 2.95% (16) | 0.72 (0.16~3.27) | 0.25 (0.05~1.19) | 0.23 * (0.06~0.99) | 0.18 * (0.04~0.89) | 26.83% (44) | 2.20 (0.40~12.3) | 0.36 (0.06~2.27) | 4.13 (0.34~50.47) | 0.77 (0.09~6.86) |
9:00~10:00 pm | 16.61% (90) | 0.18 ** (0.06~0.56) | 0.31 * (0.12~0.84) | 0.24 ** (0.09~0.62) | 0.18 ** (0.07~0.48) | 48.78% (80) | 2.03 (0.43~9.64) | 0.42 (0.08~2.27) | 2.36 (0.21~26.35) | 0.38 (0.05~2.98) | |
10:00~11:00 pm | 47.42% (257) | 0.23 ** (0.09~0.60) | 0.28 ** (0.11~0.67) | 0.20 *** (0.09~0.47) | 0.20 *** (0.08~0.46) | 17.68% (29) | 0.85 (0.15~4.91) | 0.48 (0.08~3.06) | 2.64 (0.20~34.32) | 0.11 (0.01~1.33) | |
11:00~12:00 pm | 26.38% (143) | 0.46 (0.18~1.15) | 0.54 (0.23~1.31) | 0.43 * (0.19~0.99) | 0.39 * (0.17~0.90) | 6.71% (11) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
After midnight | 6.64% (36) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 0% (0) | None | None | None | None |
Precautionary Measures, Concerns, and Public Service Variables | χ2 | Students with Normal Hearing (n = 542) | Students with Hearing Loss (n = 164) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage (n) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | IES-R | Percentage (n) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | IES-R | ||
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Avoiding Sharing of Utensils (e.g., chopsticks) during Meals | |||||||||||
Most of the time | 18.10 *** | 24.35% (132) | 0.60 (0.30~1.22) | 0.95 (0.54~1.68) | 0.97 (0.57~1.65) | 1.23 (0.71~2.92) | 19.51% (32) | 3.54 * (1.21~10.35) | 1.15 (0.36~3.64) | 0.79 (0.22~2.88) | 2.21 (0.55~8.88) |
Sometime/ Occasionally/ Never | 10.70% (161) | 0.65 (0.33~1.28) | 1.44 (0.66~1.97) | 1.01 (0.60~1.69) | 0.95 (0.54~1.66) | 48.56% (78) | 1.71 (0.68~4.28) | 0.65 (0.24~1.74) | 0.47 (0.15~1.46) | 0.92 (0.28~4.48) | |
Always | 45.94% (249) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 32.93% (54) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Washing Hands with Soap and Water | |||||||||||
Most of the time | 1.27 | 20.11% (109) | 1.22 (0.61~2.44) | 1.55 (0.89~2.72) | 1.34 (0.79~2.27) | 1.50 (0.86~2.60) | 16.46% (27) | 0.88 (0.22~3.48) | 0.89 (0.24~3.35) | 0.04 * (0.003~0.36) | 0.30 (0.05~1.80) |
Sometime/ Occasionally/ Never | 10.52% (57) | 2.17 (0.86~5.44) | 2.34 * (1.08~5.08) | 2.07 (0.99~4.32) | 1.63 (0.75~3.54) | 12.19% (20) | 0.60 (0.18~2.00) | 0.92 (0.19~4.41) | 2.17 (0.38~12.42) | 0.59 (0.08~4.51) | |
Always | 69.37% (376) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 71.34% (117) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Washing Hands Immediately after Coughing, Rubbing the Nose or Sneezing | |||||||||||
Most of the time | 6.47 * | 25.28% (137) | 1.45 (0.73~2.91) | 1.27 (0.71~2.26) | 1.45 (0.84~2.48) | 0.93 (0.52~1.65) | 19.51% (32) | 1.24 (0.41~3.79) | 0.41 (0.11~1.44) | 0.62 (0.14~2.80) | 1.15 (0.27~4.95) |
Sometime/ Occasionally/ Never | 21.96% (119) | 1.01 (0.43~2.34) | 0.86 (0.43~1.72) | 1.15 (0.61~2.18) | 1.22 (0.63~2.35) | 16.46% (27) | 2.07 (0.63~6.76) | 0.41 (0.10~1.72) | 1.99 (0.48~8.17) | 1.65 (0.26~10.71) | |
Always | 52.77% (286) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 64.02% (105) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Wearing Mask Regardless of the Presence or Absence of Symptoms | |||||||||||
Most of the time | 6.22 * | 23.06% (125) | 0.90 (0.45~1.79) | 1.00 (0.57~1.75) | 1.12 (0.67~1.89) | 1.19 (0.69~2.05) | 14.02% (23) | 6.12 ** (1.73~21.66) | 1.65 (0.43~6.31) | 6.19 * (1.17~32.66) | 4.23 (0.77~23.21) |
Sometime/ Occasionally/ Never | 10.15% (55) | 1.60 (0.66~3.92) | 1.71 (0.82~3.59) | 1.56 (0.77~3.17) | 1.44 (0.69~3.03) | 11.59% (19) | 2.00 (0.49~8.23) | 1.63 (0.32~8.32) | 0.10 (0.006~1.58) | 2.53 (0.36~17.64) | |
Always | 66.79% (362) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 74.39% (122) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Feeling Unnecessary Worry about the COVID-19 Outbreak | |||||||||||
Most of the time | 10.55 ** | 19.19% (104) | 0.67 (0.22~1.98) | 0.69 (0.30~1.60) | 0.79 (0.36~1.76) | 0.81 (0.34~1.93) | 15.85% (26) | 0.90 (0.24~3.44) | 1.71 (0.41~7.16) | 0.62 (0.13~2.90) | 1.56 (0.33~7.46) |
Sometime/ Occasionally/ Never | 69.38% (376) | 0.96 (0.38~2.38) | 0.70 (0.34~1.44) | 0.77 (0.38~1.55) | 0.91 (0.42~1.95) | 62.81% (103) | 1.48 (0.50~4.40) | 2.11 (0.67~6.68) | 0.73 (0.21~2.51) | 0.45 (0.11~1.82) | |
Always | 11.44% (62) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 21.34% (35) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Number of Hours Staying at Home Per Day to Avoid COVID-19 | |||||||||||
17~24 h | 7.55 * | 81.73% (443) | 1.03 (0.32~3.34) | 1.66 (0.59~4.69) | 2.06 (0.74~5.74) | 3.57 (0.98~12.99) | 72.56% (119) | 0.79 (0.24~2.61) | 0.56 (0.15~2.08) | 0.43 (0.09~2.10) | 0.31 (0.07~1.46) |
9~16 h | 11.62% (63) | 1.36 (0.36~5.14) | 1.87 (0.58~6.02) | 2.05 (0.65~6.48) | 4.01 (0.99~16.23) | 15.24% (25) | 1.08 (0.25~4.63) | 0.54 (0.10~2.79) | 0.60 (0.09~3.84) | 0.11 (0.01~1.41) | |
0~8 h | 6.64% (36) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 12.20% (20) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Recent Testing for COVID-19 in the Past 14 Days | |||||||||||
No | 0.22 | 94.28% (511) | 1.43 (0.37~5.52) | 2.46 (0.68~8.84) | 1.91 (0.61~5.99) | 3.04 (0.82~11.33) | 93.29% (153) | 0.78 (0.17~3.68) | 4.43 (0.44~44.27) | 4.74 (0.36~63.28) | 1.77 (0.17~18.51) |
Yes | 5.72% (31) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 6.71% (11) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Concerned by Family Members Becoming Infected during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Beijing | |||||||||||
No | 8.25 ** | 73.80% (400) | 1.20 (0.64~2.27) | 0.85 (0.50~1.46) | 0.85 (0.51~1.40) | 0.82 (0.49~1.37) | 62.20% (102) | 1.57 (0.24~1.36) | 1.45 (0.55~3.84) | 1.62 (0.55~4.75) | 1.32 (0.37~4.67) |
Yes | 26.20% (142) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 37.80% (62) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Concerned by New COVID-19 Outbreak in China during the Recent Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 Overseas | |||||||||||
No | 0.58 | 42.99% (233) | 0.53* (0.28~0.99) | 0.91 (0.55~1.48) | 0.87 (0.55~1.39) | 0.74 (0.46~1.21) | 39.63% (65) | 0.71 (0.27~1.91) | 1.19 (0.43~3.29) | 0.69 (0.22~2.18) | 1.30 (0.36~4.68) |
Yes | 57.01% (309) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 60.37% (99) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
The School has Educational Support during the COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||||||
No | 29.88 *** | 9.59% (52) | 1.32 (0.54~3.23) | 1.32 (0.64~2.72) | 1.16 (0.57~2.34) | 0.98 (0.45~2.12) | 26.22% (43) | 1.15 (0.43~3.10) | 0.96 (0.33~2.78) | 1.94 (0.57~6.53) | 0.98 (0.19~5.12) |
Yes | 90.41% (490) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 73.78% (121) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
The Community Provides Special Assistance during the COVID-19 Outbreak | |||||||||||
No | 2.17 | 57.56% (312) | 1.05 (0.55~2.01) | 1.00 (0.58~1.72) | 1.10 (0.66~1.82) | 1.23 (0.72~2.09) | 64.02% (105) | 1.16 (0.43~3.12) | 0.96 (0.33~2.78) | 0.86 (0.26~2.91) | 0.23 (0.05~1.00) |
Yes | 42.44% (230) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 35.98% (59) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
The Local Government Provides Special Attention and Support during the COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||||||
No | 25.62 *** | 47.60% (258) | 1.41 (0.74~2.67) | 1.35 (0.80~2.29) | 1.21 (0.74~1.98) | 1.41 (0.84~2.36) | 70.12% (115) | 1.00 (0.39~2.53) | 0.61 (0.23~1.64) | 0.88 (0.27~2.88) | 0.89 (0.22~3.60) |
Yes | 52.40% (284) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 29.88% (49) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Needing Help during the COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||||||
No | 0.02 | 90.59% (491) | 0.63 (0.29~1.37) | 0.85 (0.41~1.76) | 0.77 (0.40~1.52) | 0.44 * (0.23~0.84) | 90.24% (148) | 0.67 (0.18~2.51) | 0.63 (0.16~2.53) | 2.35 (0.43~12.89) | 0.76 (0.15~3.93) |
Yes | 9.41% (51) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 9.76% (16) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Receiving Mental Health Counseling during the COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||||||
No | 1.58 | 86.53% (469) | 0.87 (0.41~1.85) | 0.89 (0.47~1.68) | 1.07 (0.58~1.96) | 0.63 (0.35~1.15) | 90.24% (148) | 1.43 (0.39~5.26) | 1.40 (0.30~6.56) | 0.10 ** (0.02~0.52) | 0.24 (0.06~1.00) |
Yes | 13.47% (73) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 9.76% (16) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Lifestyle Affected by COVID-19 Pandemic | |||||||||||
No | 29.63 *** | 49.82% (270) | 0.43 ** (0.24~0.77) | 0.62 * (0.39~0.99) | 0.57 * (0.37~0.88) | 0.46 ** (0.29~0.73) | 73.78% (121) | 0.39 * (0.17~0.92) | 2.07 (0.73~5.94) | 1.25 (0.40~3.92) | 0.91 (0.25~3.27) |
Yes | 50.18% (272) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | 26.22% (43) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
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Yang, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Q.; Shan, C.; Chang, S.; Jen, P.H.-S. Mental Health and Psychological Impact on Students with or without Hearing Loss during the Recurrence of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041421
Yang Y, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Shan C, Chang S, Jen PH-S. Mental Health and Psychological Impact on Students with or without Hearing Loss during the Recurrence of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041421
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ying, Yanan Xiao, Yulu Liu, Qiong Li, Changshuo Shan, Shulin Chang, and Philip H.-S. Jen. 2021. "Mental Health and Psychological Impact on Students with or without Hearing Loss during the Recurrence of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041421
APA StyleYang, Y., Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Shan, C., Chang, S., & Jen, P. H. -S. (2021). Mental Health and Psychological Impact on Students with or without Hearing Loss during the Recurrence of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041421