Ozone Concentration Levels in Urban Environments—Upper Silesia Region Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Methodology
3.1. Measuring Stations
3.2. Health Risk
3.3. WHO Recommendations
3.4. National Policy
3.5. European Standards of the Ozone Concentration
4. Results
4.1. Measurement Station in Bielsko-Biała SL15BB
4.2. Measurement Station in Katowice SL09KA
4.3. Measurement Station in Zloty Potok SL03ZP
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Daily Maximum 8-h Mean | Health Effects for Selected Level Exposure | |
---|---|---|
High/alarm level | 240 µg/m3 | Acute health effects mainly affect vulnerable populations |
Interim target | 160 µg/m3 | Significant health effects; does not provide sufficient protection for the general population Exposure to this level of ozone is related to:
|
Air quality recommendation | 100 µg/m3 | Ensures sufficient protection for the general population although some health effects may occur below this level. Exposure to this level of ozone is related to:
|
Time | WHO | EPA | EU | Poland | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ozone concentration admissible limits | Maximum daily 8-h mean | 100 µg/m3 | 0.070 ppm * | 120 µg/m3, 25 days averaged over 3 years | 120 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 25 times a calendar year |
Years | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|
Measuring stations and number of days with exceedances | |||
SL15BB | 32 | 8 | 15 |
SL09KA | 32 | 15 | 32 |
SL03ZP | 61 | 30 | 25 |
(a) | |||
Variable | Chebyshev Distances in Period 2015–2017 | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | |
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | 55.4 | 73.8 |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 55.4 | 0.0 | 78.4 |
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 73.8 | 78.4 | 0.0 |
(b) | |||
Variable | Chebyshev Distances in 2015 | ||
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | |
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | 47.9 | 73.8 |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 47.9 | 0.0 | 78.4 |
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 73.8 | 78.4 | 0.0 |
Variable | Chebyshev distances in 2016 | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | |
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | 49.8 | 48.2 |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 49.8 | 0.0 | 41.0 |
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 48.2 | 41.0 | 0.0 |
Variable | Chebyshev distances in 2017 | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | |
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | 55.4 | 70.6 |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 55.4 | 0.0 | 76.2 |
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 70.6 | 76.2 | 0.0 |
(a) | ||
Cluster Number | Distance Euclidean Clusters—2015–2017 Distance under Diagonal Square Distance above Diagonal | |
No 1 | No 2 | |
No 1 | 0.0 | 313.3 |
No 2 | 17.7 | 0.0 |
Variable—2015–2017 | Elements cluster number 1 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 1 variable | |
Distance | ||
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | |
Variable—2015–2017 | Elements cluster number 2 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 2 variables | |
Distance | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 7.1 | |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 7.1 | |
(b) | ||
Cluster Number | Distance Euclidean Clusters—2015 Distance under Diagonal Square Distance above Diagonal | |
No 1 | No 2 | |
No 1 | 0.0 | 491.6 |
No 2 | 22.2 | 0.0 |
Variable—2015 | Elements cluster number 1 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 1 variable | |
Distance | ||
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | |
Variable-2015 | Elements cluster number 2 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 2 variables | |
Distance | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 7.6 | |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 7.6 | |
(c) | ||
Cluster Number | Distance Euclidean Clusters—2016 Distance under Diagonal Square Distance above Diagonal | |
No 1 | No 2 | |
No 1 | 0.0 | 206.5 |
No 2 | 14.4 | 0.0 |
Variable—2016 | Elements cluster number 1 and distance from center right cluster Cluster has 1 variable | |
Distance | ||
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | |
Variable—2016 | Elements cluster number 2 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 2 variables | |
Distance | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 6.5 | |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 6.5 | |
(d) | ||
Cluster Number | Distance Euclidean Clusters-2017 Distance under Diagonal Square Distance above Diagonal | |
No 1 | No 2 | |
No 1 | 0.0 | 248.3 |
No 2 | 15.8 | 0.0 |
Variable—2017 | Elements cluster number 1 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 1 variable | |
Distance | ||
SL03ZP (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 0.0 | |
Variable—2017 | Elements cluster number 2 and distance from center right cluster. Cluster has 2 variables | |
Distance | ||
SL15BB (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 7.2 | |
SL09KA (O3) (μg/m3)-Max 8 h | 7.2 |
Type of Emission | Emissions of Ozone-Forming Gases (Ground-Level Ozone Precursors) in Tons | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CO | SO₂ | Non-NH3 Volatile Organic Compounds | NH3 | |
Burning coal for heating of households (residential plants) | 255,499.186 | 26,308.687 | 26,448.750 | 153.928 |
Transportation | 18,579.824 | 156.445 | 2236.275 | |
Point sources | 16,351.951 | 64,336.607 | 2516.725 | 441.240 |
Agricultural activities | 988.525 | 2.151 | 3990.702 | 8389.749 |
Natural sources (forests) | 13,282.668 | 1504.178 | ||
Total | 439,419.486 | 90,803.890 | 48,475.120 | 10,489.095 |
Type of Emission | NOx |
---|---|
Burning coal for heating of households | 9145.177 |
Transportation | 7296.671 |
Point sources | 46,893.604 |
Agricultural activities | 1855.560 |
Total | 65,191.012 |
SNAP97 Groups | Sources of Emission |
---|---|
SNAP 01 | Combustion in energy and transformation industries |
SNAP 02 | Non-industrial combustion plants |
SNAP 0202 subgroup | Residential plants |
SNAP 03 | Combustion in manufacturing energy |
SNAP 04 | Production processes |
SNAP 05 | Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal energy |
SNAP 06 | Solvent and other product use |
SNAP 07 | Road transport |
SNAP 08 | Other mobile sources and machinery |
SNAP 09 | Waste treatment and disposal |
SNAP 10 | Agriculture |
SNAP 11 | Other sources and sinks |
Source of Emission | SNAP97 Groups | Emissions of Ozone-Forming Gases (Ground-Level Ozone Precursors) in tones | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO | SO₂ | Non-NH3 Volatile Organic Compounds | NH3 | ||
Residential plants | 0202 | 264,356.59 | 22,469.00 | 28,118.42 | |
Manufacturing and energetics | 01 | 10 934.01 | 33,835.37 | 90.99 | 32.24 |
02 | 2005.06 | 627.00 | 224.79 | ||
03 | 3149.24 | 2644.53 | 41.26 | 250.01 | |
04 | 148,768.17 | 8954.02 | 1817.67 | 28.25 | |
05 | 38.75 | 76.86 | 155.08 | ||
06 | 284.34 | 3.05 | 1916.11 | 2.68 | |
09 | 86.03 | 5.54 | 12.22 | 7.86 | |
Road transport | 07 | 54,724.62 | 52.69 | 7753.86 | 446.85 |
Agricultural tractors and other agricultural machinery | 08 | 3156.58 | 6.86 | 243.06 | 0.55 |
Rail transport | 08 | 69.75 | 0.65 | 30.31 | 0.05 |
Airports | 08 | 38.60 | 10.15 | 5.17 | |
Spoil tips and excavatability | 05 | ||||
Waste storage | 09 | ||||
Agriculture | 10 | 2673.93 | 6305.08 | ||
Forestry and grounds | 11 | ||||
Total | 487,611.74 | 68,685.72 | 43,127.87 | 7073.57 |
Type of Emission | SNAP97 Groups | NOx |
---|---|---|
Residential plants | 0202 | 7167.04 |
Manufacturing and energetics | 01 | 30,325.00 |
02 | 546.42 | |
03 | 4732.41 | |
04 | 9380.07 | |
05 | 52.25 | |
06 | 93.10 | |
09 | 40.73 | |
Road transport | 07 | 28,671.47 |
Agricultural tractors and other agricultural machinery | 08 | 2364.48 |
Rail transport | 08 | 341.59 |
Airports | 08 | 127.75 |
Spoil tips and excavatability | 05 | |
Waste storage | 09 | |
Agriculture | 10 | |
Forestry and grounds | 11 | |
Total | 83,842.31 |
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Kobza, J.; Geremek, M.; Dul, L. Ozone Concentration Levels in Urban Environments—Upper Silesia Region Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041473
Kobza J, Geremek M, Dul L. Ozone Concentration Levels in Urban Environments—Upper Silesia Region Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041473
Chicago/Turabian StyleKobza, Joanna, Mariusz Geremek, and Lechosław Dul. 2021. "Ozone Concentration Levels in Urban Environments—Upper Silesia Region Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041473