Trends of Testicular Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Relation to Health Expenditure: An Ecological Study of 54 Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Incidence, Mortality, and MIR of Testicular Cancer in Five Continents
3.2. A Country’s HDI and CHE Are Significantly Associated with a Favorable MIR for Testicular Cancer
3.3. A Country’s HDI and CHE Are Significantly Associated with an Unfavorable δMIR for Testicular Cancer
4. Discussion.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Incidence | Mortality | MIR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | CR | ASR | Cum. Risk | Number | CR | ASR | Cum. Risk | ||
Continent | |||||||||
Africa | 1784 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 666 | 0.1 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.36 |
Asia | 19,178 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.06 | 4520 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.24 |
Europe | 23,864 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 0.48 | 1571 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
Latin America and the Caribbean | 15,200 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 0.33 | 1917 | 0.6 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
North America | 9422 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 0.39 | 451 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
Oceania | 1167 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 0.42 | 39 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Country | Human Development Index | Current Health Expenditure | Incidence | Mortality | Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | Rank | Per Capita | % of GDP | ASR | CR | Cum. Risk | ASR | CR | Cum. Risk | 2012 | 2018 | δMIR | |
Argentina | 0.825 | 47 | 998 | 6.8 | 7.20 | 7.80 | 0.55 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.05 |
Australia | 0.939 | 3 | 4934 | 9.4 | 7.20 | 7.60 | 0.55 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Austria | 0.908 | 20 | 4536 | 10.3 | 7.40 | 8.10 | 0.58 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
Belarus | 0.808 | 53 | 352 | 6.1 | 3.00 | 3.40 | 0.23 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.06 |
Belgium | 0.916 | 17 | 4228 | 10.5 | 6.90 | 6.90 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Brazil | 0.759 | 79 | 780 | 8.9 | 3.40 | 3.60 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Bulgaria | 0.813 | 51 | 572 | 8.2 | 5.10 | 5.50 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.00 |
Canada | 0.926 | 12 | 4508 | 10.4 | 6.10 | 6.30 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Chile | 0.843 | 44 | 1102 | 8.1 | 9.50 | 10.70 | 0.72 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
Colombia | 0.747 | 90 | 374 | 6.2 | 4.70 | 5.30 | 0.36 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
Costa Rica | 0.794 | 63 | 929 | 8.1 | 3.00 | 3.30 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
Croatia | 0.831 | 46 | 852 | 7.4 | 12.50 | 13.60 | 0.96 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Cuba | 0.777 | 73 | 826 | 10.9 | 1.40 | 1.90 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.17 | −0.01 |
Cyprus | 0.869 | 32 | 1563 | 6.8 | 6.90 | 8.00 | 0.51 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Czechia | 0.888 | 27 | 1284 | 7.3 | 7.70 | 8.50 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.01 |
Denmark | 0.929 | 11 | 5497 | 10.3 | 9.30 | 9.50 | 0.72 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
Ecuador | 0.752 | 86 | 530 | 8.5 | 4.10 | 4.40 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
Egypt | 0.696 | 115 | 157 | 4.2 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.21 |
Estonia | 0.871 | 30 | 1112 | 6.5 | 3.40 | 3.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
Fiji | 0.741 | 92 | 175 | 3.6 | 3.70 | 3.90 | 0.28 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.33 |
Finland | 0.920 | 15 | 4005 | 9.4 | 8.40 | 8.20 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.02 |
France | 0.901 | 24 | 4026 | 11.1 | 10.10 | 10.20 | 0.78 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Germany | 0.936 | 5 | 4592 | 11.2 | 9.90 | 10.90 | 0.79 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Ireland | 0.938 | 4 | 4757 | 7.8 | 7.90 | 8.10 | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01 |
Israel | 0.903 | 22 | 2756 | 7.4 | 3.80 | 3.80 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02 |
Italy | 0.880 | 28 | 2700 | 9.0 | 8.10 | 7.70 | 0.60 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.01 |
Japan | 0.909 | 19 | 3733 | 10.9 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
Kuwait | 0.803 | 56 | 1169 | 4.0 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.18 | −0.04 |
Latvia | 0.847 | 41 | 784 | 5.8 | 3.30 | 4.00 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
Lithuania | 0.858 | 35 | 923 | 6.5 | 2.60 | 3.00 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
Malaysia | 0.802 | 57 | 386 | 4.0 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
Netherlands | 0.931 | 10 | 4746 | 10.7 | 10.60 | 10.30 | 0.79 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
New Zealand | 0.917 | 16 | 3554 | 9.3 | 7.20 | 7.40 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Norway | 0.953 | 1 | 7464 | 10.0 | 12.20 | 13.00 | 0.94 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Oman | 0.821 | 48 | 636 | 3.8 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.34 |
Philippines | 0.699 | 113 | 127 | 4.4 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 0.32 |
Poland | 0.865 | 33 | 797 | 6.3 | 7.00 | 7.70 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
Portugal | 0.847 | 41 | 1722 | 9.0 | 3.10 | 3.00 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | −0.05 |
Russian Federation | 0.816 | 49 | 524 | 5.6 | 1.90 | 2.20 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.08 |
Serbia | 0.787 | 67 | 491 | 9.4 | 7.80 | 8.00 | 0.57 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
Singapore | 0.932 | 9 | 2280 | 4.3 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Slovakia | 0.855 | 38 | 1108 | 6.9 | 9.50 | 10.10 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | −0.02 |
Slovenia | 0.896 | 25 | 1772 | 8.5 | 10.60 | 11.00 | 0.79 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
South Africa | 0.699 | 113 | 471 | 8.2 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.16 |
South Korea | 0.903 | 22 | 2013 | 7.4 | 1.60 | 1.50 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
Spain | 0.891 | 26 | 2354 | 9.2 | 5.10 | 5.00 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Sweden | 0.933 | 7 | 5600 | 11.0 | 7.60 | 7.80 | 0.58 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
Switzerland | 0.944 | 2 | 9818 | 12.1 | 9.40 | 10.30 | 0.74 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Thailand | 0.755 | 83 | 217 | 3.8 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.784 | 69 | 1146 | 6.0 | 0.91 | 1.20 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.13 | 0.25 |
Ukraine | 0.751 | 88 | 125 | 6.1 | 2.50 | 2.90 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.23 | −0.02 |
United Kingdom | 0.922 | 14 | 4356 | 9.9 | 7.10 | 7.60 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
United States of America | 0.924 | 13 | 9536 | 16.8 | 5.00 | 5.20 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
Uruguay | 0.804 | 55 | 1281 | 9.2 | 7.70 | 8.20 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
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Wang, S.-C.; Chang, N.-W.; Chen, W.-J.; Yang, M.-H.; Chen, S.-L.; Sung, W.-W. Trends of Testicular Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Relation to Health Expenditure: An Ecological Study of 54 Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041546
Wang S-C, Chang N-W, Chen W-J, Yang M-H, Chen S-L, Sung W-W. Trends of Testicular Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Relation to Health Expenditure: An Ecological Study of 54 Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041546
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shao-Chuan, Nai-Wen Chang, Wen-Jung Chen, Min-Hsin Yang, Sung-Lang Chen, and Wen-Wei Sung. 2021. "Trends of Testicular Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Relation to Health Expenditure: An Ecological Study of 54 Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041546