Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Biosorbents Preparation
2.3. Nutshell Characterization by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4. Design of the Sorption Experiments
2.5. Quantification of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Solution
2.6. Kinetic Modelling Applied to the Results
3. Results
3.1. Best Nutshells to Remove Cd, Pb, and Hg from Spiked Ultrapure Water
3.2. Effect of Solution Chemistry on Removal of Cd, Hg, and Pb by Hazelnuts
3.3. Effect of Washing Procedure
3.4. Major Functional Groups in Nutshells before and after Exposure to Cd, Pb, and Hg
4. Discussion
4.1. Removal Differences among Elements and Biosorbents
4.2. Effect of Ionic Strength and Metal Competition on the Removal of Cd, Pb, and Hg by Hazelnut Shells
4.3. Effect of Pre-Treatment with Hot Water on Removal Efficiency of Biosorbents
4.4. Food and Agricultural Wastes as Biosorbents in the Remediation of Contaminated Waters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hazelnut | Almond | Peanut | Pistachio | Walnut | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrapure water | Mono-element | x | x | x | x | x |
Equimolar | ||||||
Mono-element | x | x | x | x | x | |
Discharge | ||||||
Mineral water | Mono-element | x | ||||
Equimolar | ||||||
Mono-element | x | |||||
Discharge |
Cd | Pb | Hg | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 µmol L−1 | 200 µg L−1 | 2 µmol L−1 | 1000 µg L−1 | 2 µmol L−1 | 50 µg L−1 | ||
(225 µg L−1) | (415 µg L−1) | (400 µg L−1) | |||||
Hazelnut | q (µg g−1) | 425 | 324 | 714 | 1725 | 680 | 63 |
Removal (%) | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 90 | 78 | |
Almond | q (µg g−1) | 327 | 354 | 679 | 1570 | 607 | 67 |
Removal (%) | 81 | 87 | 89 | 79 | 79 | 68 | |
Peanut | q (µg g−1) | 433 | 386 | 729 | 1414 | 506 | 89 |
Removal (%) | 97 | 94 | 92 | 81 | 65 | 88 | |
Pistachio | q (µg g−1) | 389 | 331 | 669 | 1450 | 633 | 62 |
Removal (%) | 88 | 94 | 91 | 96 | 77 | 72 | |
Walnut | q (µg g−1) | 378 | 373 | 480 | 1706 | 609 | 71 |
Removal (%) | 93 | 89 | 72 | 86 | 77 | 74 |
PFO | PSO | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | k1 | qe (µg g−1) | R2 | k2 | qe (µg g−1) | ||
Cd | Ultrapure | 0.990 | 0.423 | 408 | 0.977 | 1.29 × 10−3 | 449 |
Mineral | 0.992 | 0.144 | 297 | 0.999 | 4.60 × 10−4 | 349 | |
Mineral Mix | 0.986 | 0.115 | 265 | 0.997 | 3.82 × 10−4 | 319 | |
Pb | Ultrapure | 0.985 | 0.269 | 693 | 0.987 | 4.89 × 10−4 | 767 |
Mineral | 0.995 | 0.150 | 703 | 0.992 | 2.01 × 10−4 | 826 | |
Mineral Mix | 0.998 | 0.135 | 670 | 0.996 | 1.84 × 10−4 | 795 | |
Hg | Ultrapure | 0.986 | 0.265 | 656 | 0.987 | 4.86 × 10−4 | 731 |
Mineral | 0.993 | 0.161 | 529 | 0.996 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 615 | |
Mineral Mix | 0.996 | 0.170 | 571 | 0.993 | 3.08 × 10−4 | 656 |
Hazelnut | Almond | Peanut | Pistachio | Walnut | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equimolar | Cd | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Pb | 0.10 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | 0.11 | |
Hg | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.16 | n.r. | 0.24 | |
Discharge | Cd | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Pb | 0.13 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | 0.22 | |
Hg | 0.21 | n.r. | 0.23 | n.r. | n.r. |
Hazelnut a,b,c | Almond d,e | Peanut a,f | Pistachio d,g | Walnut d,h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | 29.6–40.1 | 25.5–39.3 | 27.6–30.6 | 16.3–23.6 | 27.2–43.7 |
Cellulose | 22.9–37.5 | 34.4–38.5 | 37.5–38.9 | 37.5–38.1 | 36.4–42.4 |
Hemicellulose | 12.7–24.9 | 14.0–28.8 | 15.4–16.3 | 25.3–31.4 | 10.3–27.9 |
Reference | Biosorbent | Matrix | Contaminant | Maximum Removal |
---|---|---|---|---|
[30] | Hazelnut (4 g L−1) | Distilled water | Cd 14.5 mg L−1 | 92.4% (5 h) |
[16] | Hazelnut (6.3 g L−1) Almond (6.3 g L−1) | Distilled water | Pb 207 mg L−1 | Hazelnut: 90% (4 h) Almond: 68% (4 h) |
[31] | Walnut (2 g L−1) | Distilled water | Cd 100 mg L−1 | 45% (3.3 h) |
[29] | Pecan nut (1–15 g L−1) | Distilled water | Pb 100 mg L−1 | 95% (6 h) |
[32] | Peanut (5 g L−1) | Wastewater | Cd 46 mg L−1 Pb 0.26 mg L−1 | Cd: 38% (1 h) Pb: <99% (1 h) |
[2] | Peanut (4 g L−1) | Deionized water | Cd 500 mg L−1 Pb 500 mg L−1 | Cd: 6.14% (1 h) Pb: 22.6% (1 h) |
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Dias, M.; Pinto, J.; Henriques, B.; Figueira, P.; Fabre, E.; Tavares, D.; Vale, C.; Pereira, E. Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041580
Dias M, Pinto J, Henriques B, Figueira P, Fabre E, Tavares D, Vale C, Pereira E. Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041580
Chicago/Turabian StyleDias, Mariana, João Pinto, Bruno Henriques, Paula Figueira, Elaine Fabre, Daniela Tavares, Carlos Vale, and Eduarda Pereira. 2021. "Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041580