Virtual Water Trade in the Service Sector: China’s Inbound Tourism as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Data
2.1. Methods
- (1)
- The food water footprint of inbound tourists.
- (2)
- The accommodation water footprint of inbound tourists.
- (3)
- The transportation water footprint of inbound tourists.
2.2. Data
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Variation of Virtual Water “Exports”
3.1.1. General Analysis
3.1.2. Inter-Annual Dynamic Evolution
3.2. Spatial Variation of Virtual Water “Exports”
3.2.1. Provincial Differences
3.2.2. Regional Differences
3.3. Spatial-Temporal Evolution
3.4. Structural Differences of Virtual Water “Exports”
3.4.1. Differences in Accounts
- (1)
- Water footprint of inbound tourists’ food consumption.
- (2)
- Accommodation water footprint of inbound tourists.
- (3)
- Transportation water footprint of inbound tourists.
3.4.2. Differences in Water Resources Structure
4. Discussion
4.1. Influencing Factors
4.2. Coordinated Development of Inbound Tourism and Water Resources
4.2.1. Water and Food
4.2.2. Water and Accommodation
4.2.3. Water and Transportation
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accounts | Data | Resources |
---|---|---|
food water footprint | food consumption (the consumption of permanent residents as the reference) | China Statistical Yearbook, Statistical Yearbook of Provinces, Statistical Bulletin of National Economy and Social Development of Provinces |
the water footprint of each unit of agricultural products | Report no. 47 and 48 [9,10] | |
the number of inbound tourists | China Tourism Statistical Yearbook | |
the number of days to stay | China Tourism Statistical Yearbook | |
accommodation water footprint | water consumption per guest per night | 0.425 m3 [51] |
the number of inbound tourists | China Tourism Statistical Yearbook | |
the number of days to stay | China Tourism Statistical Yearbook | |
transportation water footprint | water consumption per guest per night | 0.13 m3 [51] |
the number of inbound tourists | China Tourism Statistical Yearbook | |
the number of days to stay | China Tourism Statistical Yearbook |
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Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.-h.; Tian, Q. Virtual Water Trade in the Service Sector: China’s Inbound Tourism as a Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041769
Zhang Y, Zhang J-h, Tian Q. Virtual Water Trade in the Service Sector: China’s Inbound Tourism as a Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041769
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yu, Jin-he Zhang, and Qing Tian. 2021. "Virtual Water Trade in the Service Sector: China’s Inbound Tourism as a Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041769