Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Measurement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VARIABLES | Nº (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 735 (51.5) |
Female | 692 (48.5) |
Age | |
1–3 year. | 346 (24.2) |
4–11 year. | 684 (48.0) |
11–16 year | 397 (27.8) |
Origin | |
Spanish | 1275 (89.3) |
Immigrant | 152 (10.7) |
Socio-Economic Level | |
Class 1: High-Income | 235 (16.5) |
Class 2: Middle-Income | 718 (50.3) |
Class 3: Low-Income | 474 (33.2) |
Parental Education Level | |
No Education/Primary | 714 (50) |
Secondary/Universitary | 713 (50) |
Low Iron Bioavailability Diet | |
No | 1150 (80.6) |
Yes | 277 (19.4) |
Iron deficiency | |
No | 1304 (91.4) |
Yes | 123 (8.6) |
Nutritional Status | |
Normal weight | 1008 (70.5) |
Overweight/Obesity | 419 (29.4) |
VARIABLES | Nº | BLL µ/dL | p | BLL ≥ 5 µ/dL | BBL < 5 µ/dL | OR (95%CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (95% CI) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 735 | 2.0 ± 1.46 (1.9–2.1) | 0.29 | 18 (2.6) | 627 (97.4) | 1.3 (0.63–2.66) | 0.49 |
Female | 692 | 1.94 ± 0.83 (1.9–2.0) | 13 (2.0) | 679 (98.0) | 1 | ||
Age | |||||||
1–3 year. | 346 | 2.1 ± 0.6 (2.0–2.1) | 0.0001 | 5 (1.4) | 341 (98.6) | 0.25 (0.09–0.6) | 0.005 0.0001 |
4–11 year. | 684 | 1.59 ± 0.6 (1.5–1.6) | 3 (0.5) | 681 (99.5) | 0.22 (0.02–0.28) | ||
11–16 year. | 397 | 2.46 ± 1.8 (2.3–2.6) | 23 (5.8) | 374 (94.2) | 1 | ||
Origin | |||||||
Spanish | 1275 | 1.89 ± 1.1 (1.8–1.9) | 0.0001 | 10 (0.8) | 1265 (99.2) | 1 | 0.0001 |
Immigrant | 152 | 2.70 ± 1.8 (2.4–3.0) | 21 (14.7) | 131 (85.3) | 20.2 (9.3–44) | ||
Socio-Economic Level | |||||||
Class 1 | 235 | 1.81 ± 0.5 (1.7–1.9) | 0.0001 | 6 (0.6) 25 (5.3) | 947 (99.4) * 449 (94.7) | 1 8.1 (3.3–20) | 0.0001 |
Class 2 | 718 | 1.8 ± 0.6 (1.75–1.84) | |||||
Class 3 | 474 | 2.3 ± 1.2 (2.2–2.4) | |||||
Parental Education Level | |||||||
No Education/Primary | 714 | 2.1 ± 1.0 (2.05–2.2) | 0.0001 | 26 (3.7) | 688 (96.3) | 8.6 (2.6–28.6) | 0.0001 |
Secondary/Universitary | 713 | 1.8 ± 0.5 (1.7–1.83) | 5 (0.7) | 708 (99.3) | 1 | ||
Low Iron Bioavailability Diet | |||||||
No | 115 | 2.1 ± 1.0 (1.95–2.2) | 0.0001 | 15 (1.3) | 1135 (98.7) | 1 | 0.002 |
Yes | 277 | 1.9 ± 0.7 (1.8–1.9) | 16 (5.8) | 261 (94.2) | 3.8 (1.5–9.5) | ||
Iron Deficiency | |||||||
No | 1304 | 1.97 ± 1.23 (1.8–1.9) | 0.32 | 28 (2.2) | 1276 (97.8) | 1 | 0.35 |
Yes | 123 | 2.1 ± 0.90 (1.8–2.15) | 3 (2.8) | 120 (97.5) | 0.61 (0.22–1.7) | ||
Nutritional Status | |||||||
Normal weight | 1008 | 2.0 ± 1.3 (1.93–2.05) | 0.09 | 24 (2.4) | 984 (97.6) | 0.71 (0.3–1.7) | 0.43 |
Overweight/Obesity | 419 | 1.9 ± 1.0 (1.8–2.0) | 7 (1.7) | 412 (98.3) | 1 |
VARIABLES | Total Group (n: 1427) | BLL < 5 µg/dL (n: 1396) | BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL (n: 31) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (95%CI) | Mean ± SD (95%CI) | Mean ± SD (95%CI) | ||
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 0.99 (13.2–13.3) | 13.3 ± 1.0 (13.2–13.3) | 13.3 ± 1.1 (12.9–13.7) | 0.77 |
MCV (fL) | 77.7 ± 4 (77.5–77.9) | 77.7 ± 3.9 (77.5–77.9) | 78.9 ± 6.1 (76.6–81.1) | 0.30 |
CHr (pg) | 30.8 ± 2.1 (30.7–30.9) | 30.8 ± 2.1 (30.6–30.9) | 30.7 ± 2.6 (29.8–31.7) | 0.94 |
Reticulocytes (×106/L) | 57.4 ± 19.1 (56.4–58.4) | 57.4 ± 19.2 (56.4–58.5) | 58.7 ± 16.2 (52.7–64.6) | 0.72 |
sEPO (mU/L) | 8.9 ± 5.4 (8.6–9.2) | 9.0 ± 5.4 (8.7–9.2) | 7.6 ± 6.7 (5.1–10) | 0.15 |
sFerritin (ng/mL) | 36.7 ± 19.9 (35.6–37.7) | 36.6 ± 19.8 (35.5–37.7) | 38.7 ± 24 (29.9–47.5) | 0.63 |
EP (µg/dL RBCs) | 31.2 ± 20.1 (31.2–33.3) | 32.0 ± 20 (30.9–33.1) | 44.0 ± 18.3 (37.3–50.7) | 0.001 |
sTrR (mg/L) | 1.31 ± 0.38 (1.29–1.33) | 1.31 ± 0.38 (1.29–1.33) | 1.25 ± 0.46 (1.08–1.42) | 0.37 |
sTfR-F Index | 0.92 ± 0.46 (0.89–0.94) | 0.92 ± 0.46 (0.89–0.94) | 0.91 ± 0.67 (0.66–1.16) | 0.94 |
Variables | B | SE | p | OR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −4.78 | |||
Origin (Inmigrant) | 2.4 | 5.9 | 0.0001 | 11.9 (4.5–31.3) |
Parental Education Level | 1.53 | 0.64 | 0.018 | 4.6 (1.3–16.3) |
Low Iron Bioavailability Diet | 1.17 | 1.6 | 0.018 | 3.2 (1.2–8.5) |
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Ruiz-Tudela, L.; Vázquez-López, M.A.; García-Escobar, I.; Cabrera-Sevilla, J.E.; Gómez-Bueno, S.; Martín-Gonzalez, M.; Muñoz-Vico, F.J. Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041825
Ruiz-Tudela L, Vázquez-López MA, García-Escobar I, Cabrera-Sevilla JE, Gómez-Bueno S, Martín-Gonzalez M, Muñoz-Vico FJ. Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041825
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Tudela, Lucía, Maria Angeles Vázquez-López, Iciar García-Escobar, Jose Eugenio Cabrera-Sevilla, Sara Gómez-Bueno, Manuel Martín-Gonzalez, and Francisco Javier Muñoz-Vico. 2021. "Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041825