Backstroke to Breaststroke Turning Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Pull-Out Strategy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Data Processing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Definition |
---|---|
Push-off velocity | Sacrum resultant velocity at the moment the feet left the wall. |
Tuck index | Right hip distance from the wall at the beginning of push-off divided by the swimmer’s lower limb length. |
Foot plant index | Foot plant depth on the wall at the beginning of push-off divided by the swimmer’s lower limb length. |
First gliding distance | Sacrum distance from the moment the feet left the wall to the transition phase’s beginning. |
First gliding time | Sacrum time from the beginning of the feet leaving the wall to the transition phase’s beginning. |
First gliding depth | Sacrum average depth during the first gliding. |
Transition distance | Sacrum distance from the initial hand separation or start of dolphin lower limb action until the upper limbs are extended at the body’s sides. |
Transition time | Sacrum time from the initial hand separation or starting dolphin lower limb action until the upper limbs are extended at the body’s sides. |
Transition gliding depth | Sacrum average depth during the transition phase. |
Second gliding distance | Sacrum distance from the first frame of the upper limbs being extended at body’s sides to the instant the hands begin to move up from the body’s sides. |
Second gliding time | Sacrum time from the first frame of the upper limbs being extended at the body’s sides to the instant the hands begin to move up from the body’s sides. |
Second gliding depth | Sacrum average depth during the second gliding. |
Breakout distance | Distance at which the head breaks the surface for the first time. |
Breakout time | Time at which the head breaks the surface for the first time. |
Average pull-out velocity | Average velocity from the moment the feet leave the wall to the head breaking the surface. |
Time to 7.5 m | Time from the feet leaving the wall to the head reaching the 7.5 m mark. |
Variables | Turning Techniques | p | ω2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Open | Somersault | Bucket | Crossover | All | |||
V1st (m·s−1) | 1.31 ± 0.14 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 1.32 ± 0.15 | 1.32 ± 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.001 |
V2nd (m·s−1) | 1.31 ± 0.02 | 1.33 ± 0.02 | 1.32 ± 0.02 | 1.32 ± 0.02 | 1.32 ± 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.001 |
CD1st | −0.74 ± 0.16 | −0.72 ± 0.27 | −0.74 ± 0.30 | −0.75 ± 0.14 | −0.74 ± 0.22 | 0.90 | 0.001 |
CD2nd | −1.14 ± 0.44 | −1.12 ± 0.34 | −1.17 ± 0.47 | −1.27 ± 0.51 | −1.18 ± 0.45 | 0.17 | 0.01 |
D1st (N) | −36.73 ± 9.99 | −39.01 ± 13.48 | −40.28 ± 9.75 | −41.78 ± 7.10 | −39.35 ± 0.67 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
D2nd (N) | −61.65 ± 5.76 | −64.13 ± 5.42 | −62.25 ± 12.34 | −69.73 ± 16.55 | −64.44 ± 15.11 | 0.25 | 0.001 |
Variables | Turning Techniques | p | ω2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Open | Somersault | Bucket | Crossover | All | |||
Push-off velocity (m·s−1) | 2.03 ± 0.04 c | 2.02 ± 0.05 c | 2.01 ± 0.04 c | 2.17 ± 0.05 o,s,b | 2.06 ± 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Tuck index | 0.71 ± 0.14 s | 0.76 ± 0.10 o | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.74 ± 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
Foot plant index | 0.59 ± 0.02 c | 0.68 ± 0.03 b,c | 0.55 ± 0.03 s | 0.50 ± 0.02 o,s | 0.58 ± 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
First gliding distance (m) | 2.41 ± 0.56 | 2.60 ± 0.64 | 2.48 ± 0.58 | 2.44 ± 0.63 | 2.47 ± 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
First gliding time (s) | 1.21 ± 0.42 | 1.34 ± 0.49 | 1.32 ± 0.38 | 1.29 ± 0.3.78 | 1.28 ± 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.01 |
First gliding depth (m) | 0.56 ± 0.13 s | 0.73 ± 0.13 o,b,c | 0.57 ± 0.13 s | 0.57 ± 0.13 s | 0.61 ± 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.25 |
Transition distance (s) | 1.09 ± 0.20 | 1.08 ± 0.22 | 1.10 ± 0.14 | 1.09 ± 0.19 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 0.75 | 0.00 |
Transition time (s) | 0.99 ± 0.22 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.97 ± 0.16 | 0.96 ± 0.18 | 0.96 ± 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.01 |
Transition gliding depth (m) | 0.62 ± 0.14 s | 0.86 ± 0.17 o,b,c | 0.67 ± 017 s | 0.65 ± 0.16 s | 0.70 ± 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.29 |
Second gliding distance (m) | 0.78 ± 0.27 | 0.82 ± 0.34 | 0.86 ± 0.27 | 0.85 ± 0.32 | 0.85 ± 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.00 |
Second gliding time (s) | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.01 |
Second gliding depth (m) | 0.62 ± 0.17 s | 0.76 ± 0.17 o,b,c | 0.62 ± 0.16 s | 0.62 ± 0.15 s | 0.65 ± 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.14 |
Breakout distance (m) | 5.97 ± 0.87 | 6.13 ± 0.94 | 6.05 ± 0.80 | 6.02 ± 0.91 | 6.04 ± 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.00 |
Breakout time (s) | 4.84 ± 0.94 | 5.01 ± 0.96 | 4.83 ± 0.84 | 4.78 ± 0.91 | 4.86 ± 0.98 | 0.42 | 0.00 |
Average pull-out velocity (m·s−1) | 1.06 ± 0.13 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 1.07 ± 0.12 | 1.07 ± 0.13 | 0.74 | 0.00 |
Time to 7.5 m (m) | 7.19 ± 0.89 | 7.09 ± 0.91 | 7.06 ± 0.72 | 7.12 ± 0.82 | 7.12 ± 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.00 |
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Chainok, P.; Machado, L.; de Jesus, K.; Abraldes, J.A.; Borgonovo-Santos, M.; Fernandes, R.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Backstroke to Breaststroke Turning Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Pull-Out Strategy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041858
Chainok P, Machado L, de Jesus K, Abraldes JA, Borgonovo-Santos M, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Backstroke to Breaststroke Turning Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Pull-Out Strategy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041858
Chicago/Turabian StyleChainok, Phornpot, Leandro Machado, Karla de Jesus, J. Arturo Abraldes, Márcio Borgonovo-Santos, Ricardo J. Fernandes, and João Paulo Vilas-Boas. 2021. "Backstroke to Breaststroke Turning Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Pull-Out Strategy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041858