Trypsin-Like Activity in Oral Cavity Is Associated with Risk of Fever Onset in Older Residents of Nursing Homes: An 8-Month Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Swallowing Function
2.4. Tooth and Periodontal Examination
2.5. Maximum Tongue Pressure
2.6. Lip-Closure Strength
2.7. ADL, Cognitive Activity, and Comorbidity Conditions
2.8. Trypsin-Like Activity and Bacterial Count
2.9. Hand Grip and 5 m Gait
2.10. Outcome
2.11. Sample Size
2.12. Bias
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rank | Status | Classification |
---|---|---|
Rank J | Almost independent living indoors and outdoors with any disabilities | Not bedridden or independent |
Rank A | Almost independent living indoors, but not outdoors | |
Rank B | Dependent living with requirement of care, and almost bedridden in the daytime | Dependent |
Rank C | Bedridden at all times with care required for meals, evacuation, and changing clothes |
Variables | ADCHECK® | p-Value § | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Score 1 and 2 (n = 25) | Score 3 (n = 21) | Score 4 and 5 (n = 7) | ||
Age (m) | 86 (62–94) | 89 (74–102) | 87 (76–93) | 0.140 |
Gender (n, %) men | 10 (40.0) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0.303 |
women | 15 (60.0) | 17 (81.0) | 5 (71.4) | |
Teeth number (m) | 3 (0–28) | 10 (0–26) | 16 (5–20) | 0.297 |
Teeth with PD > 4 (m) | 0 (0–10) | 1 (0–18) | 6 (0–16) | 0.077 |
Teeth with PD > 6 (m) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–12) | 0.338 |
Teeth with BOP (m) | 0 (0–6) * | 0 (0–9) * | 5 (0–10) | 0.007 |
Functional tooth unit (m) | 12 (0–12) | 12 (0–12) | 12 (0–12) | 0.919 |
Bacterial count (m ×106) | 3.9 (0.1–20.3) | 5.3 (0.7–40.1) | 7 (0.1–14.6) | 0.087 |
Lip closing force (m, N) | 9.4 (3.6–14) * | 7.6 (3–12.5) | 5.5 (1–11.4) | 0.034 |
Tongue pressure (m, kPa) | 23 (10–38.7) | 23.9 (4.5–34.9) | 16 (7.3–21.3) | 0.066 |
BMI (m, kg/m2) | 20.7 (16–26.4) | 22.8 (18.9–28.4) | 22.2 (19.5–23.4) | 0.229 |
Hand grip (m, kg) | 15 (6.9–30.7) | 10.6 (0–21.5) | 11.8 (6.7–20) | 0.062 |
5 m gait (m, s) | 6.9 (3.7–24.8) | 7.2 (5.5–8) | 4.4 (4.2–9.1) | 0.649 |
Cognitive function (n, %) | 7 (28.0) | 7 (33.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0.625 |
Charlson commodity index (m) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | 0.611 |
Fever days (m) | 0 (0–6) | 0.5 (0–11) | 1 (0–4) | 0.095 |
Variables | Crude Model | Adjusted Model § | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B ± SE | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | B ± SE | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
ADCHECK® scores | ||||||
Score 1 and 2 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||
Score 3 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 3.0 (0.9–10.0) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 4.4 (1.2–16.2) | 0.025 |
Score 4 and 5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 4.2 (1.1–15.6) | 0.034 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 5.9 (1.4–23.9) | 0.013 |
Age | −0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.500 | −0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.033 |
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Izumi, M.; Isobe, A.; Akifusa, S. Trypsin-Like Activity in Oral Cavity Is Associated with Risk of Fever Onset in Older Residents of Nursing Homes: An 8-Month Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052255
Izumi M, Isobe A, Akifusa S. Trypsin-Like Activity in Oral Cavity Is Associated with Risk of Fever Onset in Older Residents of Nursing Homes: An 8-Month Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052255
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzumi, Maya, Ayaka Isobe, and Sumio Akifusa. 2021. "Trypsin-Like Activity in Oral Cavity Is Associated with Risk of Fever Onset in Older Residents of Nursing Homes: An 8-Month Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052255