Investigation of Concentration and Distribution of Elements in Three Environmental Compartments in the Region of Mitrovica, Kosovo: Soil, Honey and Bee Pollen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil, Honey, Pollen Sampling
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Methods for Estimating Pollution Indicators
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Soil
Kosovo 2019 (Present Work); n = 16 | North Macedonia, 2010 [46]; n = 344 | Albania, 1998 [44]; n = 8 | Serbia, 2010 [45]; n = 45 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Range | STD | Mean | Median | Range | Range | Mean | Median | Range | |
Al | 22,608 | 19,331 | 8212–46,207 | 10,427 | 65,000 | 6600 | 900–11,000 | - | 20,399 | 20,417 | 10,444–31,386 |
As | 25.4 | 8.16 | 2.01–272 | 66.2 | 15 | 10 | 1–720 | - | 6.55 | 6.52 | 1.09–21.4 |
Ba | 251 | 247 | 157–449 | 87.0 | 500 | 430 | 6.0–2900 | - | - | - | - |
Ca | 26,570 | 11.347 | 2344–146,582 | 37,474 | 28,000 | 13,000 | 500–350,000 | 2100–28,000 | 28,078 | 4734 | 24,062–68,422 |
Cd | 1.37 | 0.41 | 0.10–8.8 | 2.53 | 0.81 | 0.30 | 0.10–110 | 2.0–14 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.21–1.27 |
Co | 17.1 | 14 | 4.23–71.6 | 16.0 | 18 | 17 | 0.50–150 | 130–476 | 10.8 | 9.97 | 5.31–24.1 |
Cr | 175 | 102 | 45.7–1099 | 252 | 130 | 88 | 5.0–2700 | 91–3865 | 49.3 | 36.8 | 21.1–247 |
Cu | 41 | 35.7 | 16.5–88.8 | 18.7 | 32 | 28 | 1.6–270 | 6.0–1107 | 28.0 | 22.8 | 13.6–94.4 |
Fe | 24,936 | 23,287 | 14,693–45,381 | 8466 | 36,000 | 35,000 | 300–120,000 | - | 20,888 | 21,144 | 11,515–34,855 |
K | 11,653 | 11,616 | 7619–15,812 | 2614 | 19,000 | 19,000 | 200–53,000 | - | 1531 | 1614 | 391–3013 |
Mg | 7205 | 5451 | 2603–20,450 | 4850 | 13,000 | 9400 | 1200–130,000 | 10,400–25,300 | 18,201 | 13,805 | 6061–85,900 |
Mn | 742 | 553 | 408–1983 | 407 | 1000 | 900 | 17–10,000 | - | 630 | 625 | 455–899 |
Na | 1868 | 1998 | 472–3415 | 944 | 13000 | 12000 | 130–60,000 | - | - | - | - |
Ni | 199 | 94.7 | 29.9–1263 | 296 | 78 | 46 | 2.1–2500 | 54–3579 | 51.6 | 39.9 | 23.5–230 |
P | 752 | 627 | 524–1673 | 316 | 700 | 620 | 110–25,900 | - | - | - | - |
Pb | 487 | 167 | 15.5–3610 | 897 | 95 | 32 | 1.2–10,000 | 80–172 | 21.6 | 18.6 | 6.42–67.7 |
Sr | 87.9 | 60.9 | 31.4–2508 | 62.2 | 190 | 140 | 21–1400 | - | - | - | - |
Zn | 224 | 153 | 69.6–1116 | 254 | 140 | 35 | 0.8–210 | 49–2495 | 65.9 | 51.3 | 33.4–192 |
Al | As | Ba | Ca | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | Ni | P | Pb | Sr | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 22,889 | 9 | 286 | 30,100 | 1 | 19 | 197 | 35 | 25,890 | 12,059 | 6896 | 686 | 1889 | 219 | 617 | 252 | 100 | 190 |
Median | 22,023 | 7 | 232 | 12,399 | 0.14 | 13 | 96 | 34 | 24,594 | 13,026 | 5315 | 553 | 1979 | 91 | 527 | 135 | 73 | 130 |
Min | 9962 | 1 | 114 | 1288 | 0.1 | 3 | 50 | 15 | 15,354 | 6513 | 1763 | 384 | 227 | 22 | 309 | 5 | 27 | 47 |
Max | 41,202 | 20 | 505 | 152,162 | 9 | 97 | 1429 | 57 | 55,976 | 16,572 | 24,626 | 1350 | 3783 | 1648 | 2040 | 1398 | 251 | 497 |
STD | 10,329 | 5.18 | 120 | 41,431 | 2.29 | 23.2 | 344 | 11 | 9894 | 3007 | 5497 | 292 | 1133 | 403 | 435 | 362 | 71 | 143 |
3.2. Honey
Kosovo, 2019 (Present Work) n = 16 | North Macedonia, 2007 [49] n = 123 | Montenegro, 2020 [50] n = 24 | Serbia, 2010 [51] n = 32 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Range | STD | Mean | Median | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | |
Al | 2.59 | 1.99 | 0.49–9.10 | 2.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
As | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.12 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.00168 | 0.001–0.0054 |
Ba | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.01–0.20 | 0.06 | - | - | 0.29 | ND−1.44 | - | - | |
Ca | 19.06 | 15.66 | 8.84–59.07 | 12.04 | 51 | 41 | 4.1–170 | 93.25 | 48.88–152 | 107.8 | 17.47–173.4 |
Cd | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.0031 | 0.001–0.27 | 0.02 | ND-0.08 | 0.00265 | 0.001–0.0064 |
Co | 0.01 | 0.01 | ND–0.03 | 0.007 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0155 | 0.004–0.078 |
Cr | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.10–0.84 | 0.24 | - | - | - | 0.44 | 0.10–1.13 | 0.00528 | 0.002–0.0207 |
Cu | 1.57 | 1.33 | 0.52–2.98 | 0.80 | 1.4 | 0.69 | 0.023–5.9 | 0.64 | 0.31–0.98 | 0.1939 | 0.06535–0.407 |
Fe | 5.87 | 4.41 | 1.93–14.9 | 3.88 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.028–7.0 | 10.14 | 3.95–15.93 | 1.98 | 0.57–7.02 |
K | 858 | 775 | 121–2398 | 594 | 1205 | 1021 | 169–3323 | 1617.92 | 713–2589.33 | 943.9 | 334.1–2263 |
Mg | 15.6 | 14.4 | 3.22–33.5 | 8.92 | 30 | 15 | 4.4–182 | 50.50 | 29.52–76.33 | 28.71 | 6.07–48.79 |
Mn | 1.36 | 1.04 | 0.15–4.47 | 1.24 | 7.2 | 1.1 | 0.16–82 | - | - | 0.78 | 0.16–4.94 |
Na | 3.53 | 3.0 | 1.79–12.6 | 2.47 | 33 | 31 | 5.9–150 | 47.57 | 34.61–63.94 | 15.30 | 2.46–92.73 |
Ni | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.02–0.22 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1296 | 0.0503–0.3875 |
P | 39.2 | 33.4 | 17.7–79.9 | 17.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pb | 0.54 | 0.42 | 0.05–2.10 | 0.5 | - | - | - | 0.05 | ND-0.21 | 0.0064 | 0.002–0.0176 |
Sr | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04–0.28 | 0.06 | - | - | - | 0.03 | ND-0.12 | - | - |
Zn | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.18–1.90 | 0.53 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 0.31–15 | 49–2495 | 3.43 | 0.62–19.17 |
3.3. Pollen
Kosovo, 2019 (Present Work) n = 9 | Turkey, 2017 [54] n = 24 | Serbia, 2011 [53] n = 25 | Jordan, 2017 [55] n =22 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Range | STD | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | |
Al | 33.2 | 31.7 | 8.96–57.7 | 16.2 | - | - | 38.6 | - |
As | 0.01 | 0.01 | ND-0.02 | 0.008 | 0.391 | 0.006–1.035 | - | <0.02 |
Ba | 4.66 | 4.72 | 3.47–6.25 | 1.12 | - | - | 1.22 | - |
Ca | 1234 | 1194 | 1018–1753 | 215 | 862.435 | 491.85–1472.10 | 1425 | - |
Cd | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02–0.15 | 0.05 | 0.069 | 0.006–1.035 | 0.067 | <0.005 |
Co | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.23 | 0.05 | - | - | 0.047 | - |
Cr | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | - | 0.793 | 0.124–1.595 | 0.26 | - |
Cu | 6.61 | 6.63 | 5.66–7.65 | 0.59 | 10.418 | 3.728–14.994 | 7.8 | 0.032–11.388 |
Fe | 59.0 | 59.4 | 22.0–94.3 | 22.5 | 203.165 | 30.719–725.36 | 70.1 | - |
K | 3891 | 4026 | 2902–4484 | 428 | 1945.87 | 992.107–2894.15 | 3391 | - |
Mg | 577 | 578 | 393–762 | 120 | 669.7 | 271.1–1278.3 | 749 | 641.38–1575.18 |
Mn | 13.2 | 12.8 | 8.83–18.7 | 3.10 | 29.33 | 8.15–201.04 | 21.33 | - |
Na | 37.0 | 37.6 | 21.3–45.3 | 8.59 | - | - | 21.6 | - |
Ni | 2.11 | 2.00 | 0.98–3.16 | 0.82 | 0.51 | 0.02–1.76 | 0.76 | <0.01–2.839 |
P | 3633 | 3780 | 2503–4517 | 607 | 2659.7 | 795.9–5247 | - | - |
Pb | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.14–1.69 | 0.53 | 0.193 | ND-0.479 | - | 0.03–2.567 |
Sr | 3.09 | 3.27 | 1.99–4.50 | 0.97 | - | - | 1.38 | - |
Zn | 26.0 | 26.5 | 16.6–31.7 | 4.53 | 29.15 | 14.83–39.08 | 23.7 | 25.24–77.022 |
3.4. Correlations between Three Types of Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | As | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.29 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.92 | 2.75 | 6.42 | 3.03 | 1.38 |
2 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 2.31 | 2.55 | 4.77 | 16.9 | 2.93 | 2.35 |
3 | 1.60 | 43.9 | 1.76 | 0.89 | 4.11 | 3.99 | 1.09 | 1.40 |
4 | 0.38 | 3.13 | 1.17 | 1.48 | 2.35 | 3.89 | 3.06 | 1.65 |
5 | 1.24 | 1.17 | 2.80 | 2.72 | 2.57 | 10.6 | 6.49 | 2.35 |
6 | 1.17 | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 1.27 | 1.66 | 0.88 | 1.34 |
7 | 1.00 | 8.53 | 1.55 | 1.30 | 2.06 | 3.79 | 26.7 | 5.67 |
8 | 38.9 | 58.7 | 1.93 | 1.74 | 5.40 | 6.62 | 54.7 | 6.88 |
9 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 1.38 | 2.77 | 4.68 | 7.94 | 3.26 |
10 | 1.16 | 6.20 | 2.23 | 3.39 | 2.74 | 15.4 | 0.67 | 1.89 |
11 | 4.57 | 6.60 | 1.83 | 1.99 | 6.83 | 5.58 | 157 | 21.5 |
12 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.68 | 1.58 | 2.45 | 3.36 | 4.37 | 5.33 |
13 | 1.52 | 5.33 | 1.79 | 1.66 | 2.19 | 4.90 | 16.4 | 2.83 |
14 | 0.76 | 5.11 | 9.18 | 18.32 | 2.98 | 70.2 | 30.5 | 5.21 |
15 | 1.53 | 1.51 | 3.91 | 3.84 | 3.15 | 14.3 | 11.0 | 3.04 |
16 | 1.55 | 2.37 | 1.81 | 2.06 | 2.09 | 4.95 | 12.11 | 3.04 |
No | Cd | mCd | PLI |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 16.0 | 2.00 | 1.28 |
2 | 33.6 | 4.21 | 2.69 |
3 | 58.8 | 7.35 | 2.69 |
4 | 17.1 | 2.14 | 1.77 |
5 | 29.9 | 3.74 | 2.87 |
6 | 8.54 | 1.07 | 1.02 |
7 | 50.6 | 6.33 | 3.46 |
8 | 175 | 21.9 | 10.0 |
9 | 22.2 | 2.78 | 1.91 |
10 | 33.7 | 4.21 | 2.71 |
11 | 206 | 25.7 | 7.83 |
12 | 19.6 | 2.45 | 1.90 |
13 | 36.7 | 4.58 | 3.24 |
14 | 142 | 17.8 | 8.26 |
15 | 42.3 | 5.28 | 3.89 |
16 | 30.0 | 3.75 | 2.91 |
No | Igeo(As) | Igeo(Cd) | Igeo(Co) | Igeo(Cr) | Igeo(Cu) | Igeo(Ni) | Igeo(Pb) | Igeo(Zn) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −2.388 | −1.170 | −1.47 | −0.70 | 0.88 | 2.10 | 1.02 | −0.12 |
2 | −0.711 | −0.705 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 1.67 | 3.49 | 0.97 | 0.65 |
3 | 0.091 | 4.872 | 0.23 | −0.75 | 1.45 | 1.41 | −0.46 | −0.10 |
4 | −1.991 | 1.063 | −0.36 | −0.02 | 0.65 | 1.37 | 1.03 | 0.14 |
5 | −0.274 | −0.363 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 2.81 | 2.11 | 0.65 |
6 | −0.359 | −1.170 | −0.93 | −0.98 | −0.24 | 0.15 | −0.77 | −0.16 |
7 | −0.589 | 2.508 | 0.05 | −0.20 | 0.46 | 1.34 | 4.16 | 1.92 |
8 | 4.697 | 5.290 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 1.85 | 2.14 | 5.19 | 2.20 |
9 | −1.032 | −1.229 | −0.90 | −0.12 | 0.88 | 1.64 | 2.40 | 1.12 |
10 | −0.367 | 2.047 | 0.57 | 1.18 | 0.87 | 3.36 | −1.16 | 0.34 |
11 | 1.608 | 2.138 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 2.19 | 1.89 | 6.71 | 3.84 |
12 | −0.858 | −0.595 | −1.13 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 1.16 | 1.54 | 1.83 |
13 | 0.017 | 1.830 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.55 | 1.71 | 3.45 | 0.92 |
14 | −0.979 | 1.769 | 2.61 | 3.61 | 0.99 | 5.55 | 4.34 | 1.80 |
15 | 0.028 | 0.013 | 1.38 | 1.36 | 1.07 | 3.25 | 2.87 | 1.02 |
16 | 0.045 | 0.658 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 1.72 | 3.01 | 1.02 |
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Kastrati, G.; Paçarizi, M.; Sopaj, F.; Tašev, K.; Stafilov, T.; Mustafa, M.K. Investigation of Concentration and Distribution of Elements in Three Environmental Compartments in the Region of Mitrovica, Kosovo: Soil, Honey and Bee Pollen. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052269
Kastrati G, Paçarizi M, Sopaj F, Tašev K, Stafilov T, Mustafa MK. Investigation of Concentration and Distribution of Elements in Three Environmental Compartments in the Region of Mitrovica, Kosovo: Soil, Honey and Bee Pollen. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052269
Chicago/Turabian StyleKastrati, Granit, Musaj Paçarizi, Flamur Sopaj, Krste Tašev, Trajče Stafilov, and Mihone Kerolli Mustafa. 2021. "Investigation of Concentration and Distribution of Elements in Three Environmental Compartments in the Region of Mitrovica, Kosovo: Soil, Honey and Bee Pollen" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052269