Social Contact with Family and Non-Family Members Differentially Affects Physical Activity: A Parallel Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. Social Contact
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Trajectories of PA and Social Contact over Five Years
4.2. Longitudinal Association of Social Contact with PA
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All (n = 1395) | Men (n = 606) | Women (n = 789) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age—mean, SD | 51.1 | 14.5 | 52.1 | 14.3 | 50.4 | 14.6 | |
Age group—n, % | |||||||
Young (20–39 years) | 347 | 24.9 | 133 | 21.9 | 214 | 27.1 | |
Middle-aged (40–64 years) | 777 | 55.7 | 347 | 57.3 | 430 | 54.5 | |
Older adults (≥65 years) | 271 | 19.4 | 126 | 20.8 | 145 | 18.4 | |
Years of education—n, % | |||||||
<13 years | 454 | 32.5 | 189 | 31.2 | 265 | 33.6 | |
≥13 years | 875 | 62.7 | 385 | 63.5 | 490 | 62.1 | |
Missing | 66 | 4.7 | 32 | 5.3 | 34 | 4.3 | |
Subjective economic status—n, % | |||||||
High | 392 | 28.1 | 161 | 26.6 | 231 | 29.3 | |
Medium | 545 | 39.1 | 232 | 38.3 | 313 | 39.7 | |
Low | 429 | 30.8 | 202 | 33.3 | 227 | 28.8 | |
Missing | 29 | 2.1 | 11 | 1.8 | 18 | 2.3 | |
Marital status—n, % | |||||||
Married | 1087 | 77.9 | 481 | 79.4 | 606 | 76.8 | |
Divorced/widowed/single | 278 | 19.9 | 113 | 18.6 | 165 | 20.9 | |
Missing | 30 | 2.2 | 12 | 2.0 | 18 | 2.3 | |
Employment status—n, % | |||||||
Paid worker | 994 | 71.3 | 503 | 83.0 | 491 | 62.2 | |
Not in the labor force | 372 | 26.7 | 89 | 14.7 | 283 | 35.9 | |
Missing | 29 | 2.1 | 14 | 2.3 | 15 | 1.9 | |
Self-rated health—n, % | |||||||
Good | 1240 | 88.9 | 514 | 84.8 | 726 | 92.0 | |
Poor | 148 | 10.6 | 89 | 14.7 | 59 | 7.5 | |
Missing | 7 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | |
Mental health—mean, SD | 8.2 | 2.9 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 8.5 | 2.9 | |
Medical history—n, % | |||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 69 | 4.9 | 47 | 7.8 | 22 | 2.8 | |
Hypertension | 212 | 15.2 | 111 | 18.3 | 101 | 12.8 | |
Alcohol consumption—n, % | |||||||
≥1 day/week | 663 | 47.5 | 376 | 62.0 | 287 | 36.4 | |
<1 day/week | 358 | 25.7 | 132 | 21.8 | 226 | 28.6 | |
Former-drinker | 82 | 5.9 | 29 | 4.8 | 53 | 6.7 | |
Non-drinker | 289 | 20.7 | 69 | 11.4 | 220 | 27.9 | |
Missing | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.4 | |
Smoking status—n, % | |||||||
Smoker | 233 | 16.7 | 170 | 28.1 | 63 | 8.0 | |
Former-smoker | 424 | 30.4 | 277 | 45.7 | 147 | 18.6 | |
Non-smoker | 734 | 52.6 | 159 | 26.2 | 575 | 72.9 | |
Missing | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.5 | |
Frequency of well-balanced meals—n, % | |||||||
≥5 days/week | 1030 | 73.8 | 427 | 70.5 | 603 | 76.4 | |
1–4 days/week | 306 | 21.9 | 148 | 24.4 | 158 | 20.0 | |
<1 day/week | 58 | 4.2 | 31 | 5.1 | 27 | 3.4 | |
Missing | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 |
Parameter | All (n = 1395) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | ||
PA (Intercept) | ||||
Overall social contact (Intercept) | 0.029 | 0.018 | 0.113 | |
PA (Slope) | ||||
Overall social contact (Intercept) | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.044 | |
Overall social contact (Slope) | 0.169 | 0.071 | 0.017 | |
CFI | 0.995 | |||
TLI | 0.989 | |||
RMSEA (90% CI) | 0.014 (0.003, 0.021) |
Parameter | All (n = 1395) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | ||
PA (Intercept) | ||||
Frequency of contacting family/relatives (Intercept) | −0.022 | 0.025 | 0.386 | |
Frequency of contacting friends/neighbors (Intercept) | 0.104 | 0.034 | 0.002 | |
PA (Slope) | ||||
Frequency of contacting family/relatives (Intercept) | 0.016 | 0.006 | 0.008 | |
Frequency of contacting friends/neighbors (Intercept) | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.783 | |
Frequency of contacting family/relatives (Slope) | 0.139 | 0.065 | 0.033 | |
Frequency of contacting friends/neighbors (Slope) | 0.154 | 0.113 | 0.174 | |
CFI | 0.970 | |||
TLI | 0.950 | |||
RMSEA (90% CI) | 0.029 (0.025, 0.033) |
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Nemoto, Y.; Sakurai, R.; Matsunaga, H.; Murayama, Y.; Hasebe, M.; Nishi, M.; Narita, M.; Fujiwara, Y. Social Contact with Family and Non-Family Members Differentially Affects Physical Activity: A Parallel Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052313
Nemoto Y, Sakurai R, Matsunaga H, Murayama Y, Hasebe M, Nishi M, Narita M, Fujiwara Y. Social Contact with Family and Non-Family Members Differentially Affects Physical Activity: A Parallel Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052313
Chicago/Turabian StyleNemoto, Yuta, Ryota Sakurai, Hiroko Matsunaga, Yoh Murayama, Masami Hasebe, Mariko Nishi, Miki Narita, and Yoshinori Fujiwara. 2021. "Social Contact with Family and Non-Family Members Differentially Affects Physical Activity: A Parallel Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052313