The Influence of Nordic Walking on Isokinetic Trunk Muscle Endurance and Sagittal Spinal Curvatures in Women after Breast Cancer Treatment: Age-Specific Indicators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Trunk Muscle Endurance Testing
2.3. Sagittal Spinal Curvatures Examination
2.4. Training Intervention
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session | Nordic Walking (NW) | General Gymnastics |
---|---|---|
Warm-up (5 min) | Aerobic activities, mobility exercises with breathing exercises | |
Main part (35 min) | Learning and improving walking technique with the use of NW poles | General improving exercises using upper and lower limbs, back and abdominal strengthening exercises, balance and coordination exercises |
Cool-down (5 min) | Stretching with breathing exercises |
Session | Distance (m) | Rest Period | Target HR Zone |
---|---|---|---|
1–4 | 6 × 400 = 2400 | 5 × 30 s | 65–70% HR max |
5–8 | 5 × 560 = 2800 | 4 × 30 s | |
9–12 | 4 × 800 = 3200 | 3 × 30 s | |
13–16 | 3 × 1200 = 3600 | 2 × 30 s |
Somatic Parameters | Nordic Walking n = 19 | General Gymnastics n = 20 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<60 n = 11 | >60 n = 8 | <60 n = 9 | >60 n = 11 | |
Age (years) | 53.09 ± 4.57 | 65.25 ± 2.82 * | 52.7 ± 4.46 | 64.82 ± 4.28 * |
Body height (cm) | 161.27 ± 4.27 | 158.37 ± 7.96 | 162.00 ± 4.95 | 156.18 ± 5.06 |
Body mass (kg) | 72.64 ± 10.10 | 77.62 ± 8.47 | 71.89 ± 4.46 | 75.91 ± 10.89 |
Time since surgery (years) | 4.20 ± 3.99 | 8.75 ± 6.96 | 4.44 ± 3.64 | 7.54 ± 5.03 |
Sagittal Spinal Curvatures Parameters | Pre- | Post- | Within Group Change Scores | p-Value the LSD Post Hoc Test | p-Value Group × Time × Age Interaction (MANOVA) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | ||||||
Alpha, lumbosacral angle (°) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 16.06 ± 4.50 | 13.99 ± 5.60 | −2.07 (−4.10, −0.04) | 0.17 | 0.77 |
>60 | 16.75 ± 4.44 | 13.92 ± 5.36 | −2.83 (−9.29, 3.64) | 0.11 | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 16.53 ± 3.24 | 16.15 ± 5.16 | −0.38 (−3.72, 2.96) | 0.82 | |
>60 | 15.64 ± 7.36 | 15.45 ± 7.10 | −0.19 (−3.15, 2.76) | 0.90 | ||
Beta, thoracolumbar angle (°) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 13.16 ± 1.82 | 11.81 ± 1.44 | −1.35 (−2.54, −0.17) | 0.13 | 0.54 |
>60 | 11.92 ± 6.97 | 9.94 ± 5.30 | −1.98 (−5.09, 1.12) | 0.06 | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 12.38 ± 3.81 | 11.54 ± 4.80 | −0.84 (−3.09, 1.42) | 0.40 | |
>60 | 11.34 ± 4.58 | 11.04 ± 5.49 | −0.30 (−2.50, 1.90) | 0.74 | ||
Gamma, upper thoracic angle (°) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 17.06 ± 3.48 | 14.77 ± 4.39 | −2.29 (−4.54, −0.04) | <0.01 * | 0.06 |
>60 | 16.84 ± 2.58 | 17.01 ± 2.73 | 0.17 (−1.04, 1.39) | 0.86 | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 16.31 ± 3.81 | 16.69 ± 4.14 | 0.38 (−1.04, 1.80) | 0.49 | |
>60 | 19.79 ± 3.35 | 19.23 ± 3.61 | −0.56 (−2.72, 1.60) | 0.68 | ||
TIA, trunk inclination angle (°) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | −2.48 ± 2.50 | −1.94 ± 2.63 | 0.54 (−0.21, 1.28) | 0.25 | 0.03 * |
>60 | −2.76 ± 3.34 | −4.09 ± 2.63 | −1.33 (−2.76, 0.11) | 0.02 * | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | −3.21 ± 3.90 | −3.43 ± 4.17 | −0.22 (−1.42, 0.97) | 0.66 | |
>60 | −4.41 ± 2.91 | −4.30 ± 3.53 | 0.11 (−1.04, 1.28) | 0.80 |
Trunk Muscle Function | Pre- | Post- | Within Group Change Scores | p-Value the LSD Post Hoc Test | p-Value Group × Time × Age Interaction (MANOVA) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | ||||||
Total work, trunk extensors (J) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 236.85 ± 216.23 | 510.73 ± 449.61 | 273.88 (116.85, 330.91) | <0.01 * | 0.23 |
>60 | 403.44 ± 353.80 | 545.32 ± 255.92 | 141,88 (−160.43, 344.18) | 0.17 | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 211.64 ± 204.67 | 206.18 ± 183.06 | −5.46 (−67.49, 56.55) | 0.95 | |
>60 | 168.25 ± 70.72 | 253.39 ± 200.92 | 85.14 (−82.01, 252.28) | 0.33 | ||
Total work, trunk flexors (J) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 247.52 ± 199.37 | 436.11 ± 309.96 | 188.59 (84.28, 292.90) | <0.01 * | 0.63 |
>60 | 273.38 ± 228.43 | 447.15 ± 159.75 | 173.77 (−40.46, 388.01) | <0.01 * | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 197.78 ± 133.11 | 230.21 ± 118.90 | 32.43 (−31.47, 96.34) | 0.55 | |
>60 | 173.06 ± 80.81 | 240.67 ± 190.90 | 67.61 (−15.34, 150.55) | 0.17 | ||
Average power, trunk extensors (W) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 12.55 ± 11.72 | 30.09 ± 27.02 | 17.54 (6.36, 28.71) | <0.01 * | 0.42 |
>60 | 22.49 ± 20.99 | 33.81 ± 21.26 | 11.32 (−14.18, 36.83) | 0.08 | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 11.18 ± 10.00 | 11.91 ± 10.22 | 0.73 (−4.44, 5.91) | 0.90 | |
>60 | 9.17 ± 4.58 | 13.04 ± 12.64 | 3.87 (−3.74, 11.48) | 0.47 | ||
Average power, trunk flexors (W) | ||||||
Nordic walking | <60 | 13.30 ± 9.70 | 23.35 ± 16.30 | 10.05 (4.52, 15.59) | <0.01 * | 0.83 |
>60 | 15.83 ± 13.93 | 27.95 ± 12.51 | 12.12 (−1.40, 25.63) | <0.01 * | ||
General gymnastics | <60 | 9.9 ± 7.43 | 12.30 ± 7.43 | 2.40 (−1.15, 5.84) | 0.46 | |
>60 | 9.89 ± 6.50 | 13.00 ± 11.34 | 3.11 (−1.54, 7.76) | 0.28 |
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Hanuszkiewicz, J.; Woźniewski, M.; Malicka, I. The Influence of Nordic Walking on Isokinetic Trunk Muscle Endurance and Sagittal Spinal Curvatures in Women after Breast Cancer Treatment: Age-Specific Indicators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052409
Hanuszkiewicz J, Woźniewski M, Malicka I. The Influence of Nordic Walking on Isokinetic Trunk Muscle Endurance and Sagittal Spinal Curvatures in Women after Breast Cancer Treatment: Age-Specific Indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052409
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanuszkiewicz, Justyna, Marek Woźniewski, and Iwona Malicka. 2021. "The Influence of Nordic Walking on Isokinetic Trunk Muscle Endurance and Sagittal Spinal Curvatures in Women after Breast Cancer Treatment: Age-Specific Indicators" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052409