The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (SF-40): Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish Version
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Instrument
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Item Analysis
3.3. Factor Analysis
3.4. Validity of the Scale
3.5. Sensitivity of the Scale to Sex and Age Effects
3.6. Levels and Percentiles of Multicultural Personality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Cultural Empathy |
…Sets others at ease. |
…Enjoys listening to others. |
…Pays attention to the emotion of the others. |
... Is a good listener. |
…Enjoys getting to know others profoundly. |
Social Initiative |
…Takes the lead. |
…Is often the driving force behind things. |
…Takes initiative. |
Open-Mindedness |
…Tries out various approaches. |
…Is looking for new ways to attain his/her goal. |
…Has a broad range of interests. |
…Is a trendsetter in societal developments. |
Emotional Stability |
…Keeps calm when things don´t go well. |
…Gets upset easily. |
…Is nervous. |
Flexibility |
…Likes routine. |
…Has fixed habits. |
…Looks for regularity in life. |
EmpatíaCultural |
…hace que los demás se sientan cómodos. |
…disfruta escuchando a los demás. |
…presta atención a las emociones de los demás. |
...sabe escuchar a los demás. |
…disfruta conociendo en profundidad a la gente. |
IniciativaSocial |
…asume el mando. |
…suele tener iniciativa. |
…toma la iniciativa. |
MenteAbierta |
…experimenta con diferentes enfoques. |
…busca nuevas formas de lograr sus objetivos. |
…tiene una amplia variedad de intereses. |
…marca tendencia |
EstabilidadEmocional |
…mantiene la calma cuando las cosas no van bien. |
…se enfada fácilmente. |
…es nerviosa. |
Flexibilidad |
…aprecia la rutina. |
…es de hábitos fijos. |
…busca la rutina en su vida. |
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Complete Questionnaire (α = 0.80) | M | SD | rjx | α-x | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural Empathy: α = 0.77 | ||||||
MPQSF1 | 4.03 | 0.79 | 0.47 | 0.75 | −0.55 | 0.22 |
MPQSF16 | 3.82 | 0.83 | 0.40 | 0.76 | −0.37 | 0.04 |
MPQSF18 | 3.87 | 0.88 | 0.46 | 0.75 | −0.59 | 0.21 |
MPQSF23 | 3.93 | 0.86 | 0.59 | 0.73 | −0.62 | 0.09 |
MPQSF27 | 4.03 | 0.86 | 0.51 | 0.74 | −0.74 | 0.26 |
MPQSF32 | 3.80 | 0.96 | 0.44 | 0.75 | −0.48 | −0.23 |
MPQSF36 | 3.93 | 0.80 | 0.48 | 0.75 | −0.59 | 0.57 |
MPQSF37 | 3.94 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.75 | −0.52 | 0.35 |
Social Initiative: α = 0.80 | ||||||
MPQSF8 | 3.35 | 1.01 | 0.51 | 0.78 | −0.40 | −0.09 |
MPQSF10 | 3.63 | 0.93 | 0.55 | 0.77 | −0.62 | −0.22 |
MPQSF29 | 3.86 | 0.99 | 0.55 | 0.77 | −0.44 | −0.47 |
MPQSF33 | 3.84 | 0.95 | 0.44 | 0.78 | −0.22 | −0.55 |
MPQSF7 | 3.60 | 0.95 | 0.57 | 0.77 | −0.22 | −0.35 |
MPQSF3 | 4.04 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 0.77 | −0.83 | −0.15 |
MPQSF4 | 3.35 | 1.20 | 0.47 | 0.78 | −0.27 | −0.82 |
MPQSF22 | 3.49 | 1.03 | 0.46 | 0.78 | −0.31 | −0.34 |
Open-Mindedness: α = 0.60 | ||||||
MPQSF2 | 3.71 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 0.54 | −0.03 | −0.44 |
MPQSF9 | 3.80 | 0.83 | 0.43 | 0.53 | −0.48 | 0.04 |
MPQSF12 | 3.66 | 0.87 | 0.31 | 0.56 | −0.26 | −0.16 |
MPQSF13 | 4.02 | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0.55 | −0.65 | 0.11 |
MPQSF15 | 3.55 | 0.96 | 0.15 | 0.61 | −0.34 | −0.32 |
MPQSF19 | 3.37 | 1.07 | 0.25 | 0.58 | −0.13 | −0.62 |
MPQSF30 | 3.95 | 0.89 | 0.41 | 0.53 | −0.49 | −0.22 |
MPQSF40 | 3.14 | 0.96 | 0.17 | 0.61 | 0.05 | −0.21 |
Emotional Stability: α = 0.63 | ||||||
MPQSF11 | 2.61 | 1.11 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 0.28 | −0.51 |
MPQSF34 | 2.86 | 1.10 | 0.21 | 0.63 | 0.02 | −0.73 |
MPQSF16 | 2.48 | 1.16 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.49 | −0.49 |
MPQSF20 | 3.09 | 1.10 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.03 | −0.65 |
MPQSF21 | 2.53 | 1.09 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.33 | −0.51 |
MPQSF25 | 3.03 | 1.22 | 0.50 | 0.55 | −0.07 | −0.86 |
MPQSF31 | 2.44 | 1.20 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 0.48 | −0.74 |
MPQSF38 | 3.62 | 1.03 | 0.33 | 0.60 | −0.53 | −0.20 |
Flexibility: α = 0.74 | ||||||
MPQSF5 | 2.93 | 1.15 | 0.45 | 0.71 | 0.04 | −0.64 |
MPQSF14 | 3.04 | 0.96 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.02 | −0.24 |
MPQSF17 | 3.70 | 1.06 | 0.33 | 0.73 | −0.47 | −0.51 |
MPQSF24 | 2.83 | 1.12 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.00 | −0.63 |
MPQSF26 | 3.70 | 0.96 | 0.34 | 0.73 | 0.30 | −0.46 |
MPQSF28 | 3.64 | 0.87 | 0.40 | 0.72 | −0.42 | 0.20 |
MPQSF35 | 3.02 | 0.99 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.03 | −0.38 |
MPQSF39 | 3.31 | 0.96 | 0.43 | 0.71 | −0.22 | −0.16 |
Initial Model | S-B χ2 (df) | χ2 (df) | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | CFI | NNFI | IFI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) EFA 28 items and 5 factors. | 5 factors, 28 items (correlated) | 794.22 (340) | 891.82 (340) | 2.62 | 0.063 (0.057–0.069) | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.80 |
5 factors, 28 items (not correlated) | 903.10 (350) | 1012.21 (350) | 2.89 | 0.069 (0.063–0.074) | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.75 | |
5 factors, 19 items (correlated) | 243.48 (142) | 272.01 (142) | 1.92 | 0.046 (0.036–0.055) | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | |
5 factors, 19 items (not correlated) | 346.33 (152) | 387.49 (152) | 2.55 | 0.061 (0.052–0.069) | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.86 | |
(2) Original proposal Van der Zee et al. [16] composed of 40 items and 5 factors. | 5 factors, 40 items (correlated) | 1840.57 (730) | 2095.96 (730) | 2.87 | 0.068 (0.064–0.072) | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.62 |
5 factors, 40 items (not correlated) | 2018.46 (740) | 2290.75 (740) | 3.10 | 0.073 (0.069–0.077) | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.56 | |
5 factors, 18 items (correlated) | 213.89 (125) | 238.44 (125) | 1.91 | 0.046 (0.035–0.056) | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.92 | |
5 factors, 18 items (not correlated) | 363.50 (135) | 406.34 (135) | 3.01 | 0.070 (0.61–0.80) | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.80 |
Items | Factor Loading | CI of Cronbach’s Alpha | CR | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 Cultural Empathy | 0.71 (0.66–0.75) | 0.71 | 0.34 | ||
MPQSF6 | 0.431 | ||||
MPQSF18 | 0.566 | ||||
MPQSF23 | 0.715 | ||||
MPQSF27 | 0.646 | ||||
MPQSF32 | 0.508 | ||||
Factor 2 Social Initiative | 0.79 (0.75–0.82) | 0.81 | 0.59 | ||
MPQSF7 | 0.718 | ||||
MPQSF8 | 0.843 | ||||
MPQSF33 | 0.731 | ||||
Factor 3 Open-Mindedness | 0.54 (0.46–0.61) | 0.55 | 0.24 | ||
MPQSF2 | 0.476 | ||||
MPQSF9 | 0.621 | ||||
MPQSF30 | 0.443 | ||||
MPQSF40 | 0.401 | ||||
Factor 4 Emotional Stability | 0.57 (0.49–0.64) | 0.58 | 0.32 | ||
MPQSF11 | 0.481 | ||||
MPQSF21 | 0.649 | ||||
MPQSF25 | 0.545 | ||||
Factor 5 Flexibility | 0.74 (0.69–0.78) | 0.76 | 0.52 | ||
MPQSF5 | 0.663 | ||||
MPQSF14 | 0.529 | ||||
MPQSF24 | 0.921 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1—Cultural Empathy | 0.58 | ||||
Factor 2—Social Initiative | 0.12 ** | 0.77 | |||
Factor 3—Open-Mindedness | 0.28 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.49 | ||
Factor 4—Emotional Stability | 0.22 ** | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.56 | |
Factor 5—Flexibility | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.11 * | 0.72 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | F | |
1. | ||||||||||
2. | −0.04 | 0.01 | ||||||||
3. | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.26 ** | 0.10 | ||||||
4. | 0.05 | 0.15 * | 0.36 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.55 ** | ||||
5. | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.23 ** | 0.18 * | 0.21 ** | ||
6. | −0.15 * | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.12 | 0.00 | −0.13 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Total | Women | Men | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |
10 | 3 | 2.67 | 3 | 2.33 | 1.67 | 3.25 | 2.33 | 2.75 | 2.33 | 1.67 | 3 | 2.67 | 3 | 2.27 | 1.67 |
20 | 3.40 | 3 | 3.25 | 2.43 | 2 | 3.60 | 2.67 | 3.25 | 2.67 | 2.33 | 3.20 | 3 | 3.15 | 2.33 | 2 |
30 | 3.60 | 3 | 3.25 | 2.67 | 2.67 | 3.80 | 3 | 3.25 | 2.67 | 2.67 | 3.40 | 3 | 3.25 | 2.67 | 2.33 |
40 | 3.80 | 3.33 | 3.50 | 2.67 | 2.67 | 3.92 | 3.33 | 3.50 | 3 | 2.67 | 3.60 | 3.33 | 3.50 | 2.67 | 2.67 |
50 | 4 | 3.67 | 3.50 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.59 | 3.50 | 3 | 3 | 3.80 | 3.67 | 3.75 | 3 | 3 |
60 | 4 | 3.67 | 3.75 | 3 | 3.33 | 4.20 | 3.67 | 3.75 | 3 | 3.33 | 4 | 3.67 | 3.75 | 3 | 3 |
70 | 4.20 | 4 | 4 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 4.40 | 4 | 4 | 3.33 | 3.67 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3.33 | 3.33 |
80 | 4.40 | 4.33 | 4.25 | 3.33 | 3.67 | 4.60 | 4 | 4 | 3.67 | 3.67 | 4.20 | 4.33 | 4.25 | 3.33 | 3.67 |
90 | 4.80 | 4.67 | 4.50 | 3.67 | 4 | 4.80 | 4.37 | 4.25 | 3.67 | 4.33 | 4.60 | 5 | 4.50 | 3.67 | 4 |
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Summerfield, L.P.; Prado-Gascó, V.; Giménez-Espert, M.d.C.; Mesa-Gresa, P. The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (SF-40): Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish Version. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052426
Summerfield LP, Prado-Gascó V, Giménez-Espert MdC, Mesa-Gresa P. The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (SF-40): Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish Version. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052426
Chicago/Turabian StyleSummerfield, Lynn Patricia, Vicente Prado-Gascó, María del Carmen Giménez-Espert, and Patricia Mesa-Gresa. 2021. "The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (SF-40): Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish Version" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052426