The Negative Impact of Parental Smoking on Adolescents’ Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Sample, and Setting
2.2. Procedure and Ethical Consideration
2.3. Measurements
- Demographic characteristics. These included sex, age, grade, and smoking status. Regarding smoking status, participants were asked to respond to “Do you have experience in cigarette smoking?” and the answers were categorized as “never, ceased: former user but quit more than six months ago, and current user”.
- Health-promoting behaviors. These behaviors were determined using eight items of adolescents’ habits extracted from previous studies and works in the literature [11,12]. Participants were asked to respond to the following behaviors with “never/ sometimes” or “usually/always”: (1) Eating breakfast: “Do you eat breakfast every day?”; (2) Water intake: “Do you drink at least 1500cc of water every day?”; (3) Vegetable intake: “Do you consume at least three portions of vegetables every day?” (4) Fruit intake: “Do you consume two portions of fruit every day?” (5) Brushing teeth: “Do you brush your teeth before sleep every day?” (6) Using dental floss: “Do you use dental floss before sleep every day?” (7) Regular exercise: “Do you exercise for 30 minutes, at least three times per week?” and (8) Sleep: “Do you sleep for at least 6 to 8 hours every day?” The responses were categorized as low frequency for never/sometimes, and high frequency for usually/always. Each item recorded 0 and 1 point with low/high frequency. The total health promotion score ranged from 0 to 8.
- Secondhand smoke (SHS). SHS was determined using three items of parental smoking situations. Participants were asked to respond to the following behavior questions with “yes/ no” or “never/sometimes/usually”, which included: (1) Parental smoking: “Do your parents or family members (e.g., grandparents or relatives) smoke at home every day?” (2) Parental smoking around them: “Do your parents or family members smoke around you every day?” (3) Avoidance of SHS: “How often do you choose to avoid SHS when your parents or family members smoke around you?”
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n % | Low Never/Sometimes (n %) | High Usually/Always (n %) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 600 (48.9) | ||
Male | 627 (51.1) | ||
Age (mean = 13.5; SD = 1.0; range = 12–17) | |||
Grade | |||
7th | 426 (34.7) | ||
8th | 381 (31.1) | ||
9th | 420 (34.2) | ||
Adolescent’s smoking behavior | |||
Former user (never/ceased) | 1213 (98.9) | ||
Current user | 14 (1.1) | ||
Parental smoking at home No Yes | 396 (32.3) 831 (67.7) | ||
Parental smoking around adolescents (N = 831) | |||
Never Sometime Usually | 81 (9.8) 424 (51.0) 326 (39.2) | ||
Avoidance of secondhand smoke (N = 831) | |||
Never Sometimes Usually | 73 (8.8) 332 (40.0) 426 (51.3) | ||
Eating breakfast | 137 (11.2) | 1090 (88.8) | |
Water intake ≥ 1500 cc per day | 608 (49.6) | 619 (50.4) | |
Vegetable intake ≥ 3 portions per day | 602 (49.1) | 625 (50.9) | |
Fruit intake ≥ 2 portions per day | 775 (63.2) | 452 (36.8) | |
Tooth brushing before sleep per day | 210 (17.1) | 1017 (82.9) | |
Using dental floss before sleep per day | 1039 (84.7) | 188 (15.3) | |
Regular exercise/30 min/per day | 744 (60.6) | 483 (39.4) | |
Sleep 6–8 h/per day | 232 (18.9) | 995 (81.1) |
Variable | n | Mean | SD | F/t | p-Value | Scheffé’s Post Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 2.77 | 0.006 | ||||
(1) Female | 600 | 4.3 | 1.6 | |||
(2) Male | 627 | 4.6 | 1.7 | |||
Parental smoking at home | −4.29 | <0.001 | ||||
No | 396 | 4.7 | 1.7 | |||
Yes | 831 | 4.3 | 1.6 | |||
Parental smoking around adolescents | 13.9 | <0.001 | 1 > 2 > 3 | |||
(1) Never | 477 | 4.7 | 1.7 | |||
(2) Sometimes | 424 | 4.4 | 1.6 | |||
(3) Usually | 326 | 4.1 | 1.6 | |||
Avoidance of SHS | 35.6 | <0.001 | 3 > 1, 2 | |||
(1) Never | 105 | 3.7 | 1.6 | |||
(2) Sometimes | 439 | 4.1 | 1.6 | |||
(3) Usually | 683 | 4.8 | 1.7 |
Variables | Unstandardized B | SE | Beta | t Value | p | 95% CI * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avoidance of secondhand smoke (1 = often) | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 7.68 | <0.001 | 0.54 to 0.90 |
Gender (1 = male) | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 3.47 | 0.001 | 0.14 to 0.50 |
Parental smoking at home (1 = yes) | −0.24 | 0.11 | −0.07 | −2.24 | 0.025 | −0.45 to −0.03 |
Parents smoking around adolescents (1 = often) | −0.24 | 0.12 | −0.06 | −2.09 | 0.037 | −0.46 to −0.02 |
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Chen, M.-Y. The Negative Impact of Parental Smoking on Adolescents’ Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052514
Chen M-Y. The Negative Impact of Parental Smoking on Adolescents’ Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052514
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Mei-Yen. 2021. "The Negative Impact of Parental Smoking on Adolescents’ Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052514