How Do Instant Messages Reduce Psychological Withdrawal Behaviors?—Mediation of Engagement and Moderation of Self-Control
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory Framework and Hypotheses
2.1. Instant Message Demands
2.2. Emotional and Cognitive Engagement
2.3. Self-Control
2.4. Psychological Withdrawal Behavior
2.5. Conservation of Resource Theory
2.6. Relationships among Study Variables
3. Method
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Instant Messages Demands
3.2.2. Emotional and Cognitive Engagement
3.2.3. Self-Control
3.2.4. Psychological Withdrawal Behaviors
3.3. Analysis
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Descriptive Data Analysis
4.2. Results of Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical and Practical Contributions
5.2. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Within | ||||||
1. Instant Message Demand | 3.00 | 0.89 | 1 | 0.167 ** | 0.233 ** | −0.134 ** |
2. Cognitive engagement | 3.73 | 0.60 | 0.504 ** | 1 | 0.654 ** | −0.489 ** |
3. Emotional engagement | 3.54 | 0.61 | 0.550 ** | 0.895 ** | 1 | −0.486 ** |
4. Psychological withdrawal | 1.96 | 0.65 | 0.121 | −0.057 | −0.098 | 1 |
Between | ||||||
5. Self-control | 3.43 | 0.40 | 0.102 | 0.234 | 0.334 ** | −0.326 ** |
Variable | Cognitive Engagement | Emotional Engagement | Psychological Withdrawal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index | B | SE | t | B | SE | t | B | SE | t |
Intercept | 3.39 | 0.08 | 40.59 ** | 3.07 | 0.08 | 36.65 ** | 4.27 | 0.15 | 29.08 ** |
Within-level | |||||||||
IM demands | 0.11 | 0.03 | 4.27 ** | 0.16 | 0.03 | 5.96 ** | |||
Cognitive engagement | −0.32 | 0.05 | −6.71 ** | ||||||
Emotional engagement | −0.31 | 0.05 | −6.52 ** |
Psychological Withdrawal | B | Boot SE | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LLCI | ULCI | |||
Direct effect | −0.013 | 0.025 | −0.063 | 0.037 |
Indirect effect(s) | ||||
TOTAL | −0.085 | 0.019 | −0.124 | −0.046 |
Emotional engagement | −0.049 | 0.013 | −0.075 | −0.026 |
Cognitive engagement | −0.037 | 0.011 | −0.060 | −0.016 |
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Jiang, X.; Du, J.; Yang, T.; Liu, Y. How Do Instant Messages Reduce Psychological Withdrawal Behaviors?—Mediation of Engagement and Moderation of Self-Control. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062983
Jiang X, Du J, Yang T, Liu Y. How Do Instant Messages Reduce Psychological Withdrawal Behaviors?—Mediation of Engagement and Moderation of Self-Control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062983
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Xia, Jing Du, Tianfei Yang, and Yujing Liu. 2021. "How Do Instant Messages Reduce Psychological Withdrawal Behaviors?—Mediation of Engagement and Moderation of Self-Control" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062983