Effect of Distance to Trauma Centre, Trauma Centre Level, and Trauma Centre Region on Fatal Injuries among Motorcyclists in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Variable Definitions
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Crashes
3.2. Risk Factors for Fatal Injuries among Motorcyclists
3.3. Risk Factors for Fatal Injuries among Motorists
3.4. Multivariate Results of Risk Factors for Fatal Injuries among Motorcyclists
3.5. Multivariate Results of Risk Factors for Fatal Injuries among Motorists
3.6. Interaction Effects of Distance to the Nearest Trauma Centre and Trauma Centre Region
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Distance to the Nearest Trauma Centre | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
1 km cut-off point
| 1.52 | 1.46–1.84 |
2 km cut-off point
| 1.67 | 1.52–1.95 |
3 km cut-off point
| 1.73 | 1.64–2.02 |
4 km cut-off point
| 1.78 | 1.65–2.10 |
5 km cut-off point
| 1.98 | 1.75–2.24 |
6 km cut-off point
| 1.92 | 1.80–2.40 |
7 km cut-off point
| 1.96 | 1.85–2.54 |
Characteristics | Driver’s Injury Severity | Total n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Fatal n (%) | Nonfatal n (%) | ||
Driver’s age | |||
| 554 (0.92) | 59,792 (99.08) | 60,346 (10.95) |
482 (0.31) | 153,532 (99.69) | 154,014 (27.95) | |
32 (0.36) | 8867 (99.64) | 8899 (1.62) | |
502 (0.15) | 327,234 (99.85) | 327,736 (59.48) | |
Crash partner driver’s age | |||
| 113 (0.25) | 45,744 (99.75) | 45,857 (8.32) |
690 (0.31) | 221,416 (99.69) | 222,106 (40.31) | |
11 (0.24) | 4549 (99.76) | 4560 (0.83) | |
756 (0.27) | 277,716 (99.73) | 278,472 (50.54) | |
Driver’s sex | |||
| 1098 (0.36) | 307,492 (99.64) | 308,590 (56.01) |
472 (0.19) | 241,933 (99.81) | 242,405 (43.99) | |
Crash partner driver’s sex | |||
| 1313 (0.35) | 376,530 (99.65) | 377,843 (68.57) |
257 (0.15) | 172,895 (99.85) | 173,152 (31.43) | |
Driver’s use of protective equipment | |||
| 339 (0.81) | 41,386 (99.19) | 41,725 (7.57) |
1231 (0.24) | 508,039 (99.76) | 509,270 (92.43) | |
Driver’s BAC | |||
| 150 (2.03) | 7222 (97.97) | 7372 (1.34) |
1420 (0.26) | 542,203 (99.74) | 543,623 (98.66) | |
Crash partner driver’s BAC | |||
| 58 (1.00) | 5739 (99.00) | 5797 (1.05) |
1512 (0.28) | 543,686 (99.72) | 545,198 (98.95) | |
Driver’s license status | |||
| 353 (0.69) | 50,661 (99.31) | 51,014 (9.26) |
1217 (0.24) | 498,764 (99.76) | 499,981 (90.74) | |
Crash partner driver’s license status | |||
| 109 (0.35) | 31,278 (99.65) | 31,387 (5.70) |
1461 (0.28) | 518,147 (99.72) | 519,608 (94.30) | |
Road speed limit | |||
| 1209 (0.30) | 401,965 (99.70) | 403,174 (73.17) |
361 (0.24) | 147,460 (99.76) | 147,821 (26.83) | |
Weather conditions | |||
| 270 (0.27) | 98,868 (99.73) | 99,138 (17.99) |
1300 (0.29) | 450,557 (99.71) | 451,857 (82.01) | |
Light conditions | |||
| 409 (0.29) | 139,036 (99.71) | 139,445 (25.31) |
1161 (0.28) | 419,389 (99.72) | 411,550 (74.69) | |
Distance to nearest trauma centre | |||
| 405 (0.73) | 54,983 (99.27) | 55,388 (10.05) |
1165 (0.24) | 494,442 (99.76) | 495,607 (89.95) | |
Trauma centre level of the nearest trauma centre | |||
| 565 (0.36) | 155,825 (99.64) | 156,390 (28.38) |
729 (0.28) | 256,746 (99.72) | 257,475 (46.73) | |
276 (0.20) | 136,854 (99.80) | 137,130 (24.89) | |
Trauma centre region | |||
| 72 (0.53) | 13,423 (99.47) | 13,495 (2.45) |
693 (0.35) | 196,653 (99.65) | 197,346 (35.82) | |
308 (0.25) | 123,740 (99.75) | 124,048 (22.51) | |
497 (0.23) | 215,609 (99.77) | 216,106 (39.22) | |
Vehicle type | |||
| 1496 (0.28) | 530,017 (99.72) | 531,513 (96.46) |
9 (0.56) | 1606 (99.44) | 1615 (0.29) | |
21 (0.63) | 3336 (99.37) | 3357 (0.61) | |
44 (0.30) | 14,466 (99.70) | 14,510 (2.63) | |
Crash partner vehicle type | |||
| 260 (0.11) | 240,686 (99.89) | 240,946 (43.73) |
355 (1.38) | 25,381 (98.62) | 25,736 (4.67) | |
341 (0.67) | 50,485 (99.33) | 50,826 (9.22) | |
614 (0.26) | 232,873 (99.74) | 233,487 (42.38) | |
Crash type | |||
| 258 (0.55) | 47,021 (99.45) | 47,279 (8.58) |
165 (0.25) | 67,074 (99.75) | 67,239 (12.00) | |
172 (0.20) | 86,974 (99.80) | 87,146 (15.82) | |
559 (0.34) | 164,754 (99.66) | 165,313 (30.00) | |
416 (0.23) | 183,602 (99.77) | 184,018 (33.40) |
Risk Factors for Fatal Injury | Motorcyclists | Motorists | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Driver’s age | ||||
| 6.38 | 5.63–7.21 | 1.28 | 0.56–2.89 0.63–1.66 - |
2.11 | 1.83–2.40 | 1.03 | ||
2.46 | 1.72–3.52 | - * | ||
1 | 1 | |||
Crash partner driver’s age | ||||
| 0.93 | 0.76–1.14 1.03–1.27 0.51–1.67 | 0.41 | 0.10–1.72 0.71–1.80 - |
1.14 | 1.13 | |||
0.92 | - * | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Driver’s sex | ||||
| 1.78 | 1.60–1.99 | 3.93 | 1.89–8.19 |
1 | 1 | |||
Crash partner driver’s sex | ||||
| 2.34 | 2.04–2.68 | 2.34 | 1.12–4.87 |
1 | 1 | |||
Driver’s use of protective equipment | ||||
| 3.16 | 2.78–3.58 | 8.25 | 5.22–13.05 |
1 | 1 | |||
Driver’s BAC | ||||
| 8.30 | 6.95–9.89 | 4.31 | 2.26–8.22 |
1 | 1 | |||
Crash partner driver’s BAC | ||||
| 3.95 | 3.02–5.16 | 0.91 | 0.22–3.72 |
1 | 1 | |||
Driver’s license status | ||||
| 2.85 1 | 2.53–3.22 | 4.03 1 | 2.12–7.68 |
Crash partner driver’s license status | ||||
| 1.23 1 | 1.01–1.50 | 1.46 1 | 0.59–3.62 |
Road speed limit | ||||
| 1.21 1 | 1.07–1.36 | 1.78 1 | 0.91–3.47 |
Weather conditions | ||||
| 0.93 1 | 0.81–1.07 | 1.16 1 | 0.68–2.00 |
Light conditions | ||||
| 1.02 1 | 0.90–1.14 | 1.43 1 | 0.90–2.27 |
Distance to nearest trauma centre | ||||
| 3.20 1 | 2.85–3.60 | 1.95 1 | 1.19–3.17 |
Trauma centre level of the nearest trauma centre | ||||
| 1.77 | 1.52–2.05 1.22–1.62 | 2.47 | 1.22–5.01 0.74–3.11 |
1.40 | 1.52 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Trauma centre region | ||||
| 2.46 | 1.91–3.16 1.37–1.73 0.95–1.27 | 0.66 | 0.16–2.79 0.75–2.15 0.39–1.42 |
1.54 | 1.27 | |||
1.10 | 0.75 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Crash partner vehicle type | ||||
| 0.40 | 0.35–0.46 4.53–5.96 2.26–2.97 | 1.03 | 0.39–2.77 4.75–14.33 1.07–4.53 |
5.20 | 8.25 | |||
2.59 | 2.20 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Crash type | ||||
| 2.30 | 1.97–2.70 0.84–1.23 0.72–1.03 1.31–1.70 | 9.75 | 4.16–22.85 0.99–4.95 0.54–4.48 0.75–3.88 |
1.01 | 2.22 | |||
0.86 | 1.55 | |||
1.49 | 1.71 | |||
1 | 1 |
Risk Factors for Fatal Injury | Motorcyclists | Motorists | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Driver’s age | ||||
| 5.27 | 4.62–6.01 1.80–2.35 0.80–1.71 | 1.16 | 0.50–2.71 0.65–1.76 - |
2.06 | 1.07 | |||
1.17 | - * | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Crash partner driver’s age | ||||
| 0.77 | 0.63–0.95 0.74–0.92 0.49–1.77 | 0.46 | 0.11–1.97 0.51–1.36 - |
0.82 | 0.84 | |||
0.93 | - * | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Driver’s sex | ||||
| 1.71 1 | 1.53–1.92 | 2.59 1 | 1.22–5.50 |
Crash partner driver’s sex | ||||
| 1.48 1 | 1.28–1.71 | 0.99 1 | 0.45–2.21 |
Driver’s use of protective equipment | ||||
| 2.54 1 | 2.22–2.90 | 8.67 1 | 5.31–14.14 |
Driver’s BAC | ||||
| 4.10 1 | 3.38–4.98 | 1.56 1 | 0.75–3.26 |
Crash partner driver’s BAC | ||||
| 2.61 1 | 1.97–3.46 | 0.98 1 | 0.29–4.17 |
Driver’s license status | ||||
| 1.69 1 | 1.48–1.93 | 2.50 1 | 1.24–5.04 |
Crash partner driver’s license status | ||||
| 1.67 1 | 1.34–2.08 | 2.08 1 | 0.79–5.50 |
Road speed limit | ||||
| 1.29 1 | 1.14–1.46 | 2.16 1 | 1.05–4.44 |
Weather conditions | ||||
| 0.97 1 | 0.85–1.12 | 1.11 1 | 0.62–1.98 |
Light conditions | ||||
| 1.26 1 | 1.11–1.43 | 1.34 1 | 0.81–1.98 |
Distance to nearest trauma centre | ||||
| 1.98 1 | 1.75–2.24 | 1.20 1 | 0.71–2.04 |
Trauma centre level of the nearest trauma centre | ||||
| 1.30 | 1.11–1.51 1.03–1.37 | 1.55 | 0.74–3.26 0.55–2.40 |
1.19 | 1.14 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Trauma centre region | ||||
| 1.76 | 1.35–2.29 1.16–1.49 0.95–1.28 | 1.01 | 0.23–4.52 0.76–2.36 0.47–1.79 |
1.32 | 1.34 | |||
1.10 | 0.92 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Crash partner vehicle | ||||
| 0.43 | 0.37–0.50 4.01–5.36 1.96–2.59 | 0.60 | 0.21–1.73 5.07–17.27 0.91–4.06 |
4.63 | 9.36 | |||
2.25 | 1.92 | |||
1 | 1 | |||
Crash type | ||||
| 1.65 | 1.40–1.95 0.82–1.21 0.59–0.84 1.24–1.61 | 12.01 | 4.82–29.88 0.71–3.69 0.41–3.53 0.69–3.66 |
0.99 | 1.62 | |||
0.70 | 1.20 | |||
1.41 | 1.59 | |||
1 | 1 |
Interaction Effect of Hospital Distance and Region a | Motorcyclists | Motorists | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| 5.26 | 3.69–7.49 2.04–2.92 1.46–2.76 2.06–3.25 0.96–1.99 1.27–1.69 1.01–1.40 | 1.10 | 0.13–8.92 0.74–3.25 0.43–3.99 0.38–2.85 0.14–8.11 0.66–2.54 0.39–1.80 |
2.44 | 1.56 | |||
2.01 | 1.32 | |||
2.59 | 1.04 | |||
1.38 | 1.05 | |||
1.46 | 1.30 | |||
1.19 | 0.83 | |||
1 | 1 |
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Wiratama, B.S.; Chen, P.-L.; Chao, C.-J.; Wang, M.-H.; Saleh, W.; Lin, H.-A.; Pai, C.-W. Effect of Distance to Trauma Centre, Trauma Centre Level, and Trauma Centre Region on Fatal Injuries among Motorcyclists in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062998
Wiratama BS, Chen P-L, Chao C-J, Wang M-H, Saleh W, Lin H-A, Pai C-W. Effect of Distance to Trauma Centre, Trauma Centre Level, and Trauma Centre Region on Fatal Injuries among Motorcyclists in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062998
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiratama, Bayu Satria, Ping-Ling Chen, Chung-Jen Chao, Ming-Heng Wang, Wafaa Saleh, Hui-An Lin, and Chih-Wei Pai. 2021. "Effect of Distance to Trauma Centre, Trauma Centre Level, and Trauma Centre Region on Fatal Injuries among Motorcyclists in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062998