Different Curve Shapes of Fasting Glucose and Various Obesity-Related Indices by Diabetes and Sex
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Taiwan Biobank
2.2. Collection of Demographic, Medical and Laboratory Data
2.3. Definitions of Diabetes and Non-Diabetes
2.4. Obesity-Related Indices
2.5. Ethics Statement
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population between Males and Females with and without DM
3.2. B-Spline Comparisons for Fasting Glucose with Obesity-Related Indices
3.3. The Relationship between Fasting Glucose and Various Obesity-Related Indices by DM and Sex
3.4. Separate Trends between Obesity-Related Indices and Fasting Glucose between Males and Females with and without DM
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM | Non-DM | p | DM | Non-DM | p | |
N | 295 | 2040 | 220 | 2445 | ||
Age (year) | 55.80 (8.76) | 48.74 (11.00) | <0.0001 | 56.38 (8.73) | 48.91 (10.29) | <0.0001 |
Smoking status, N (%) | ||||||
Never + Occasional | 127 (43.1) | 985 (48.3) | 206 (93.6) | 2303 (94.2) | ||
Quit drinking | 100 (33.9) | 674 (33.0) | 9 (4.1) | 111 (4.5) | ||
Regular | 68 (23.1) | 381 (18.7) | 0.1285 | 5 (2.3) | 31 (1.3) | 0.4481 |
Drinking status, N (%) | ||||||
Never + Occasional | 226 (76.6) | 1625 (79.7) | 215 (97.7) | 2395 (98.0) | ||
Quit drinking | 24 (8.1) | 97 (4.8) | 3 (1.4) | 13 (0.5) | ||
Regular | 45 (15.3) | 318 (15.6) | 0.0497 | 2 (0.9) | 37 (1.5) | 0.2428 |
Weight (kg) | 75.21 (12.91) | 71.26 (10.62) | <0.0001 | 62.56 (10.20) | 57.37 (8.55) | <0.0001 |
Height (cm) | 167.84 (6.24) | 169.08 (6.28) | 0.0015 | 155.35 (5.50) | 157.22 (5.50) | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.61 (3.80) | 24.89 (3.15) | <0.0001 | 25.92 (4.00) | 23.22 (3.30) | <0.0001 |
WC (cm) | 92.41 (9.24) | 87.14 (8.33) | <0.0001 | 88.48 (9.82) | 80.26 (8.85) | <0.0001 |
HC (cm) | 99.35 (7.16) | 97.47 (6.22) | <0.0001 | 97.79 (7.57) | 95.08 (6.39) | <0.0001 |
WHR | 0.93 (0.05) | 0.89 (0.05) | <0.0001 | 0.90 (0.07) | 0.84 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
WHtR | 0.55 (0.05) | 0.52 (0.05) | <0.0001 | 0.57 (0.07) | 0.51 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 126.19 (16.34) | 118.32 (15.48) | <0.0001 | 124.9 (17.29) | 110.9 (17.03) | <0.0001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 76.59 (10.67) | 75.22 (10.65) | 0.0400 | 72.68 (10.06) | 67.47 (10.20) | <0.0001 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||||
AC sugar (mg/dL) | 137.85 (41.67) | 94.43 (7.55) | <0.0001 | 129.89 (39.53) | 90.5 (7.44) | <0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.55 (1.46) | 5.61 (0.32) | <0.0001 | 7.48 (1.43) | 5.57 (0.34) | <0.0001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 161.08 (112.15) | 132.21 (99.77) | <0.0001 | 175.45 (145.61) | 97.31 (60.89) | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.23 (37.65) | 194.13 (34.56) | <0.0001 | 204.20 (40.33) | 196.07 (36.25) | 0.0016 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.79 (9.93) | 49.66 (11.41) | <0.0001 | 51.18 (10.57) | 59.47 (13.43) | <0.0001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 115.78 (32.88) | 124.5 (31.95) | <0.0001 | 125.95 (36.85) | 120.49 (32.06) | 0.0170 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.43 (18.49) | 68.13 (13.78) | 0.0107 | 111.92 (30.15) | 110.88 (24.51) | 0.5543 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.23 (1.55) | 6.51 (1.38) | 0.0015 | 5.50 (1.35) | 4.83 (1.09) | <0.0001 |
Obesity-related indices | ||||||
LAP | 53.26 (48.59) | 35.38 (36.01) | <0.0001 | 61.39 (60.2) | 26.16 (22.48) | <0.0001 |
BRI | 4.41 (1.10) | 3.71 (0.97) | <0.0001 | 4.85 (1.47) | 3.64 (1.20) | <0.0001 |
CI | 1.27 (0.06) | 1.23 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (0.08) | 1.22 (0.08) | <0.0001 |
BAI | 27.73 (3.29) | 26.39 (3.0) | <0.0001 | 32.59 (4.37) | 30.31 (3.68) | <0.0001 |
AVI | 17.3 (3.48) | 15.42 (2.92) | <0.0001 | 15.94 (3.58) | 13.22 (2.87) | <0.0001 |
Non-DM | DM | Males | Female | DM by Sex by AC Sugar * | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males vs. Females | Males vs. Females | Non-DM vs. DM | Non-DM vs. DM | |||||||
β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p for Interaction | |
BMI (kg/m2) † | 9.22 (27.92) | 0.7412 | −35.92 (238.92) | 0.8805 | 7.23 (16.55) | 0.6624 | −16.75 (22.58) | 0.4583 | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.0123 |
WC (cm) † | −38.53 (73.39) | 0.5996 | −77.14 (628.05) | 0.9023 | 57.38 (43.51) | 0.1874 | −14.46 (59.36) | 0.8076 | −0.11 (0.03) | 0.0012 |
HC (cm) † | 45.46 (54.75) | 0.4064 | −147.34 (468.58) | 0.7532 | −8.67 (32.46) | 0.7894 | −36.14 (44.29) | 0.4145 | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.0473 |
WHR *100 † | −74.23 (50.24) | 0.1396 | 51.93 (429.97) | 0.9039 | 120.49 (29.79) | <0.0001 | −42.91 (40.64) | 0.2911 | −0.07 (0.02) | 0.0028 |
WHtR *100 † | −28.70 (46.50) | 0.5372 | −136.49 (397.92) | 0.7316 | 48.17 (27.57) | 0.0806 | −22.49 (37.61) | 0.5500 | −0.08 (0.02) | 0.0005 |
LnLAP § | −1.13 (6.45) | 0.8612 | 22.51 (55.14) | 0.6831 | 11.37 (3.83) | 0.0030 | −10.70 (5.21) | 0.0402 | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.0380 |
BRI † | −9.11 (9.38) | 0.3317 | −25.14 (80.28) | 0.7542 | 9.58 (5.56) | 0.0851 | −1.18 (7.59) | 0.8761 | −0.02 (0.00) | 0.0004 |
CI † | −0.23 (0.64) | 0.7189 | −0.95 (5.44) | 0.8619 | 0.76 (0.38) | 0.0443 | −0.53 (0.51) | 0.3054 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.0059 |
BAI † | 36.5 (29.07) | 0.2093 | −204.4 (248.80) | 0.4114 | 8.27 (17.24) | 0.6316 | −51.35 (23.52) | 0.0290 | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.0498 |
AVI † | −20.58 (25.01) | 0.4107 | −22.70 (214.04) | 0.9155 | 18.73 (14.83) | 0.2067 | 3.62 (20.23) | 0.8581 | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.0042 |
Males | Females | Males vs. Females | Male | Female | Males vs. Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-DM | Lsmean (SE) | Lsmean (SE) | β (SE) /Difference of Lsmean (95% CI) | p | DM | Lsmean (SE) | Lsmean (SE) | β (SE) /Difference of Lsmean (95% CI) | p |
BMI | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 26.13 (0.83) | 22.00 (0.5) | 4.13 (2.24, 6.03) | 0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 26.17 (0.26) | 25.25 (0.33) | 0.92 (0.10, 1.74) | 0.1713 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 24.75 (0.24) | 22.23 (0.13) | 2.53 (1.99, 3.06) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 26.08 (0.30) | 25.10 (0.38) | 0.98 (0.03, 1.93) | 0.0428 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 24.56 (0.09) | 23.10 (0.08) | 1.46 (1.22, 1.69) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 26.24 (0.31) | 25.31 (0.38) | 0.94 (−0.03, 1.90) | 0.0571 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 25.13 (0.11) | 24.24 (0.12) | 0.88 (0.56, 1.20) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 26.57 (0.31) | 25.74 (0.40) | 0.83 (−0.16, 1.82) | 0.1005 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 26.05 (0.19) | 25.30 (0.29) | 0.75 (0.07, 1.43) | 0.1843 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 26.97 (0.36) | 26.27 (0.46) | 0.69 (−0.45, 1.84) | 0.2359 |
WC | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 91.68 (2.17) | 76.05 (1.33) | 15.63 (10.64, 20.62) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 91.16 (0.69) | 87.59 (0.86) | 3.56 (1.41, 5.72) | 0.0072 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 86.94 (0.63) | 77.35 (0.35) | 9.59 (8.18, 11.00) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 91.15 (0.79) | 87.99 (0.99) | 3.16 (0.67, 5.65) | 0.0128 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 86.23 (0.24) | 79.95 (0.20) | 6.28 (5.66, 6.90) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 91.74 (0.81) | 88.72 (1.01) | 3.02 (0.48, 5.56) | 0.0197 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 87.86 (0.28) | 83.2 (0.32) | 4.65 (3.81, 5.50) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 92.71 (0.82) | 89.61 (1.04) | 3.10 (0.50, 5.70) | 0.0196 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 90.15 (0.51) | 86.49 (0.76) | 3.66 (1.87, 5.45) | 0.0004 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 93.85 (0.94) | 90.48 (1.22) | 3.36 (0.34, 6.38) | 0.0290 |
HC | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 99.31 (1.62) | 93.26 (0.99) | 6.05 (2.32, 9.77) | 0.0088 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 98.64 (0.52) | 96.82 (0.64) | 1.82 (0.21, 3.43) | 0.1595 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 97.61 (0.47) | 93.82 (0.26) | 3.79 (2.74, 4.84) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 98.67 (0.59) | 96.57 (0.74) | 2.10 (0.24, 3.96) | 0.0268 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 97.13 (0.18) | 94.99 (0.15) | 2.13 (1.67, 2.59) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 99.15 (0.60) | 96.96 (0.75) | 2.18 (0.29, 4.08) | 0.0239 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 97.60 (0.21) | 96.27 (0.24) | 1.33 (0.69, 1.96) | 0.0002 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 99.89 (0.61) | 97.75 (0.78) | 2.14 (0.20, 4.08) | 0.0308 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 98.77 (0.38) | 97.15 (0.57) | 1.62 (0.29, 2.96) | 0.1036 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 100.73 (0.70) | 98.69 (0.91) | 2.04 (−0.21, 4.29) | 0.0760 |
WHR*100 | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 92.68 (1.49) | 81.87 (0.91) | 10.82 (7.40, 14.23) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 92.38 (0.47) | 90.40 (0.59) | 1.98 (0.51, 3.46) | 0.0508 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 88.82 (0.43) | 82.30 (0.24) | 6.52 (5.55, 7.48) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 92.35 (0.54) | 91.01 (0.68) | 1.34 (−0.36, 3.05) | 0.1225 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 88.68 (0.16) | 84.13 (0.14) | 4.54 (4.12, 4.97) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 92.49 (0.55) | 91.39 (0.69) | 1.10 (−0.64, 2.84) | 0.2148 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 90.10 (0.19) | 86.47 (0.22) | 3.63 (3.05, 4.21) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 92.76 (0.56) | 91.60 (0.71) | 1.17 (−0.61, 2.95) | 0.1984 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 90.91 (0.35) | 88.41 (0.52) | 2.49 (1.27, 3.72) | 0.0004 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 93.10 (0.64) | 91.64 (0.84) | 1.46 (−0.60, 3.53) | 0.1651 |
WHtR*100 | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 55.06 (1.38) | 48.27 (0.84) | 6.79 (3.63, 9.95) | 0.0002 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 54.51 (0.44) | 56.43 (0.54) | −1.92 (−3.29, −0.56) | 0.0351 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 51.44 (0.40) | 49.03 (0.22) | 2.41 (1.51, 3.30) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 54.56 (0.50) | 56.65 (0.63) | −2.08 (−3.66, −0.50) | 0.0098 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 50.91 (0.15) | 50.90 (0.13) | 0.01 (−0.38, 0.40) | 1.0000 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 54.80 (0.51) | 57.03 (0.64) | −2.23 (−3.84, −0.62) | 0.0066 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 52.12 (0.18) | 53.24 (0.21) | −1.12 (−1.66, −0.59) | 0.0002 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 55.16 (0.52) | 57.51 (0.66) | −2.35 (−4.00, −0.71) | 0.0051 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 53.70 (0.32) | 55.45 (0.48) | −1.74 (−2.87, −0.61) | 0.0157 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 55.55 (0.59) | 57.99 (0.77) | −2.44 (−4.35, −0.53) | 0.0124 |
LnLAP | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 3.83 (0.19) | 2.56 (0.12) | 1.28 (0.83, 1.72) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 3.58 (0.06) | 3.75 (0.08) | −0.16 (−0.35, 0.03) | 0.5616 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 3.23 (0.06) | 2.67 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.44, 0.69) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 3.59 (0.07) | 3.81 (0.09) | −0.23 (−0.44, −0.01) | 0.0433 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 3.16 (0.02) | 2.97 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.13, 0.24) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 3.63 (0.07) | 3.91 (0.09) | −0.28 (−0.50, −0.06) | 0.0144 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 3.36 (0.03) | 3.30 (0.03) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.8373 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 3.69 (0.07) | 4.01 (0.09) | −0.32 (−0.55, −0.09) | 0.0061 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 3.57 (0.04) | 3.51 (0.07) | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.22) | 1.0000 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 3.76 (0.08) | 4.11 (0.11) | −0.35 (−0.61, −0.08) | 0.0098 |
BRI | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 4.48 (0.28) | 3.08 (0.17) | 1.40 (0.76, 2.03) | 0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 4.29 (0.09) | 4.73 (0.11) | −0.44 (−0.71, −0.16) | 0.0116 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 3.71 (0.08) | 3.24 (0.04) | 0.47 (0.28, 0.65) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 4.30 (0.10) | 4.77 (0.13) | −0.46 (−0.78, −0.14) | 0.0045 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 3.58 (0.03) | 3.59 (0.03) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) | 1.0000 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 4.36 (0.10) | 4.85 (0.13) | −0.49 (−0.82, −0.17) | 0.0030 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 3.81 (0.04) | 4.05 (0.04) | −0.24 (−0.35, −0.13) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 4.43 (0.10) | 4.95 (0.13) | −0.52 (−0.85, −0.19) | 0.0022 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 4.13 (0.06) | 4.52 (0.10) | −0.40 (−0.63, −0.17) | 0.0039 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 4.51 (0.12) | 5.06 (0.16) | −0.54 (−0.93, −0.16) | 0.0059 |
CI | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 1.28 (0.02) | 1.19 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.13) | 0.0008 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 1.27 (0.01) | 1.29 (0.01) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | 0.2744 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 1.23 (0.01) | 1.20 (0.00) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 1.27 (0.01) | 1.29 (0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.00) | 0.0239 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 1.23 (0.00) | 1.22 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.0107 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 1.27 (0.01) | 1.30 (0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, 0.00) | 0.0182 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 1.24 (0.00) | 1.24 (0.00) | 0.00(−0.01, 0.00) | 1.0000 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 1.27 (0.01) | 1.30 (0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.00) | 0.0307 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 1.25 (0.00) | 1.26 (0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | 1.0000 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 1.28 (0.01) | 1.30 (0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 0.1173 |
BAI | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 28.10 (0.86) | 29.24 (0.53) | −1.14 (−3.12, 0.84) | 1.0000 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 27.63 (0.27) | 32.08 (0.34) | −4.45 (−5.30, −3.59) | <0.0001 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 26.42 (0.25) | 29.32 (0.14) | −2.90 (−3.45, −2.34) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 27.72 (0.31) | 31.91 (0.39) | −4.19 (−5.18, −3.21) | <0.0001 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 26.08 (0.10) | 30.24 (0.08) | −4.16 (−4.4, −3.91) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 27.81 (0.32) | 32.01 (0.40) | −4.20 (−5.21, −3.20) | <0.0001 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 26.59 (0.11) | 31.28 (0.13) | −4.69 (−5.03, −4.36) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 27.89 (0.32) | 32.29 (0.41) | −4.40 (−5.43, −3.37) | <0.0001 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 27.46 (0.20) | 31.72 (0.30) | −4.26 (−4.97, −3.55) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 27.94 (0.37) | 32.65 (0.48) | −4.72 (−5.91, −3.52) | <0.0001 |
AVI | |||||||||
At AC_Sugar = 70 | 17.20 (0.74) | 11.91 (0.45) | 5.29 (3.59,6.99) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 120 | 16.82 (0.24) | 15.62(0.29) | 1.20 (0.46,1.93) | 0.0084 |
At AC_Sugar = 80 | 15.43 (0.21) | 12.33 (0.12) | 3.10 (2.62,3.58) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 130 | 16.82 (0.27) | 15.75(0.34) | 1.07 (0.23,1.92) | 0.0131 |
At AC_Sugar = 90 | 15.11 (0.08) | 13.11 (0.07) | 2.00 (1.79,2.21) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 140 | 17.05 (0.28) | 16.00 (0.34) | 1.05 (0.19,1.92) | 0.0172 |
At AC_Sugar = 100 | 15.64 (0.10) | 14.13 (0.11) | 1.52 (1.23,1.8) | <0.0001 | At AC_Sugar = 150 | 17.43 (0.28) | 16.32 (0.36) | 1.11 (0.23, 2.00) | 0.0139 |
At AC_Sugar = 110 | 16.46 (0.17) | 15.28 (0.26) | 1.18 (0.57, 1.79) | 0.0009 | At AC_Sugar = 160 | 17.87 (0.32) | 16.63 (0.42) | 1.24 (0.21, 2.27) | 0.0181 |
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Wen, W.-L.; Wu, P.-Y.; Huang, J.-C.; Tu, H.-P.; Chen, S.-C. Different Curve Shapes of Fasting Glucose and Various Obesity-Related Indices by Diabetes and Sex. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063096
Wen W-L, Wu P-Y, Huang J-C, Tu H-P, Chen S-C. Different Curve Shapes of Fasting Glucose and Various Obesity-Related Indices by Diabetes and Sex. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063096
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Wei-Lun, Pei-Yu Wu, Jiun-Chi Huang, Hung-Pin Tu, and Szu-Chia Chen. 2021. "Different Curve Shapes of Fasting Glucose and Various Obesity-Related Indices by Diabetes and Sex" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063096