Media Exposure, Cancer Beliefs, and Cancer-Related Information-Seeking or Avoidance Behavior Patterns in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses
2.1. Media Exposure, Cancer Beliefs and Health Information Avoidance
2.1.1. Media Exposure and Cancer Fatalism
2.1.2. Media Exposure and Cancer Curability
2.1.3. Cancer Beliefs and Health Information Avoidance
2.1.4. Media Exposure and Cancer Information Avoidance
2.2. Media Exposure, Cancer Beliefs and Cancer Information Seeking
2.2.1. Cancer Beliefs and Cancer Information Seeking
2.2.2. Media Exposure and Cancer Information Seeking
3. Methods and Measurements
3.1. Data Source
3.2. Measurements
3.2.1. Media Exposure to Health Information
3.2.2. Cancer Beliefs
3.2.3. Cancer Information Processing
3.3. Analysis Tools
4. Results
4.1. Statistics
4.2. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
5. Conclusions and Discussion
5.1. Different Roles of Social Media and Mass Media in Influencing Cancer Beliefs and Behaviors
5.1.1. The Dual Role of Mass Media in Promoting Cancer Beliefs and Information Behaviors
5.1.2. Social Media Exposure to Health Information Promotes Cancer Curability Beliefs and Cancer Information Seeking
5.2. Cancer Fatalism and Cancer Information Behavior Intervention in Chinese and Western Contexts
5.3. Information Seeking and Avoidance Inclination May Exist Simultaneously
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Variable | Categories | Percentage or Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Cancer Information Behaviors (strongly disagree (1)–strongly agree (5)) | Cancer information seeking (intention) | I plan to seek cancer information as much as possible on my initiative | 2.65 (1.052) |
I intend to seek cancer information in the near future | 2.68 (1.059) | ||
Cancer information avoidance (intention) | I worry the cancer information I found will prevent me from dealing with it | 2.86 (1.000) | |
I always avoid contact with cancer information | 2.75 (0.999) | ||
Media Exposure to Health Information (never (1)–a lot (4)) | (Traditional) Mass media exposure to health information (4 items, α = 0.814) | Newspapers | 2.01 (0.756) |
Magazines | |||
Radio | |||
Television | |||
Social media exposure to health information (2 items, α = 0.603) | 2.27 (0.858) | ||
Cancer Beliefs (strongly disagree (1)–strongly agree (5)) | Cancer fatalism | When I think of cancer, I automatically think of death | 2.94 (1.149) |
It seems like almost everything causes cancer | 3.32 (1.066) | ||
There is not much you can do to lower your chances of getting cancer | 2.94 (1.044) | ||
Cancer curability | Cancer is most often caused by a person’s behavior or lifestyle | 3.27 (1.010) | |
Getting checked regularly for cancer helps find cancer when it’s easy to treat | 3.57 (0.999) | ||
Cancer is an illness that, when detected early, can typically be cured | 3.49 (1.005) | ||
Demographics | Gender | Male | 38.9% |
Female | 61.1% | ||
Age | 18–24 | 19.1% | |
25–39 | 48.2% | ||
40–59 | 29.8% | ||
≥60 | 2.8% | ||
Ethnicity | Han | 98.7% | |
Minority | 1.3% | ||
Education | Less than high school | 18.0% | |
High school | 27.0% | ||
Vocational school | 26.1% | ||
College and above | 28.9% | ||
Family Income | ¥50,000 and less | 26.7% | |
¥50,001–¥100,000 | 38.2% | ||
¥100,001–¥200,000 | 23.3% | ||
¥200,001 and above | 11.8% | ||
Marital Status | Married | 70.6% | |
Not married | 29.4% |
Model Fit | Absolute Fit Indices | Incremental Fit Indices | Parsimony Fit Indices | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | df | X2/df | GFI | RMSEA | NFI | CFI | PNFI | AGFI | PGFI | |
Good | <3 | >0.90 | <0.05 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.80 | >0.90 | >0.80 | ||
Acceptable | <5 | >0.70 | <0.08 | >0.70 | >0.70 | >0.50 | >0.70 | >0.50 | ||
Default Model | 16.248 | 5 | 3.250 | 0.998 | 0.027 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.332 | 0.993 | 0.238 |
Constructs (Health Beliefs) | CR | AVE | MSV | Correlations (CF) | Correlations (CC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Fatalism (CF) | 0.682 | 0.428 | 0.320 | 1 | 0.647 *** |
Cancer Curability (CC) | 0.808 | 0.588 | 0.647 *** | 1 |
Model Fit | Absolute Fit Indices | Incremental Fit Indices | Parsimony Fit Indices | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | df | X2/df | GFI | RMSEA | NFI | CFI | PNFI | AGFI | PGFI | |
Good | <3 | >0.90 | <0.05 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.80 | >0.90 | >0.80 | ||
Acceptable | <5 | >0.70 | <0.08 | >0.70 | >0.70 | >0.50 | >0.70 | >0.50 | ||
Default Model | 67.35 | 20 | 3.37 | 0.996 | 0.028 | 0.992 | 0.995 | 0.441 | 0.988 | 0.362 |
Model Fit | Absolute Fit Indices | Incremental Fit Indices | Parsimony Fit Indices | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | df | X2/df | GFI | RMSEA | NFI | CFI | PNFI | AGFI | PGFI | |
Good | <3 | >0.90 | <0.05 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.80 | >0.90 | >0.80 | ||
Acceptable | <5 | >0.70 | <0.08 | >0.70 | >0.70 | >0.50 | >0.70 | >0.50 | ||
Default Model | 81.52 | 21 | 3.88 | 0.995 | 0.031 | 0.992 | 0.994 | 0.463 | 0.986 | 0.380 |
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He, R.; Li, Y. Media Exposure, Cancer Beliefs, and Cancer-Related Information-Seeking or Avoidance Behavior Patterns in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063130
He R, Li Y. Media Exposure, Cancer Beliefs, and Cancer-Related Information-Seeking or Avoidance Behavior Patterns in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063130
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Rui, and Yungeng Li. 2021. "Media Exposure, Cancer Beliefs, and Cancer-Related Information-Seeking or Avoidance Behavior Patterns in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063130