Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee: Associated Congenital Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Congenital Complications (n = 44) | Low Birth Weight (n = 122) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Birth Defect/Disability | Inherited Metabolic Disease | |||||||||
n | % | n | % | p-Value | n | % | p-Value | n | % | p-Value | |
Maternal/Infant Characteristics | |||||||||||
Age of delivery | |||||||||||
≤25 | 88 | 5.25 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.679 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.3563 | 4 | 3.28 | 0.0412 |
26–30 | 496 | 29.61 | 5 | 25.00 | 9 | 37.50 | 38 | 31.15 | |||
31–35 | 794 | 47.4 | 11 | 55.00 | 13 | 54.17 | 48 | 39.34 | |||
>35 | 297 | 17.73 | 4 | 20.00 | 2 | 8.33 | 32 | 26.23 | |||
Household income | |||||||||||
Low | 273 | 16.3 | 1 | 5.00 | 0.1908 | 5 | 20.83 | 0.4603 | 16 | 13.11 | 0.0264 |
Medium | 1281 | 76.48 | 16 | 80.00 | 16 | 66.67 | 90 | 73.77 | |||
High | 121 | 7.22 | 3 | 15.00 | 3 | 12.50 | 16 | 13.11 | |||
Educational attainment | |||||||||||
Bachelor’s degree | 525 | 31.34 | 6 | 30.00 | 0.8963 | 9 | 37.50 | 0.5125 | 39 | 31.97 | 0.8774 |
>Bachelor’s degree | 1150 | 68.66 | 14 | 70.00 | 15 | 62.50 | 83 | 68.03 | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||||||||||
Normal (<25) | 768 | 45.85 | 12 | 60.00 | 0.429 | 11 | 45.83 | 0.7031 | 70 | 57.38 | 0.0199 |
Overweight (25–29) | 760 | 45.37 | 7 | 35.00 | 12 | 50.00 | 41 | 33.61 | |||
Obese (≥30) | 147 | 8.78 | 1 | 5.00 | 1 | 4.17 | 11 | 9.02 | |||
Gestational diabetes | 65 | 3.88 | 7 | 35.00 | 8 | 33.33 | 11 | 9.02 | |||
Gestational hypertension | 29 | 1.73 | 6 | 30.00 | 9 | 37.50 | 16 | 13.11 | |||
Miscarriage experience | 22 | 1.31 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.82 | |||
Gestational age | |||||||||||
≤37 weeks (preterm) | 227 | 13.55 | 5 | 25.00 | 0.3165 | 7 | 29.17 | 0.0778 | 77 | 63.11 | <0.0001 |
38–42 weeks | 1444 | 86.21 | 15 | 75.00 | 17 | 70.83 | 45 | 36.89 | |||
>42 weeks | 4 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |||
Parity | |||||||||||
0 | 937 | 55.94 | 8 | 40.00 | 0.3423 | 9 | 37.50 | 0.1492 | 71 | 58.20 | 0.8669 |
1 | 598 | 35.7 | 10 | 50.00 | 13 | 54.17 | 41 | 33.61 | |||
≥2 | 140 | 8.36 | 2 | 10.00 | 2 | 8.33 | 10 | 8.20 | |||
Health/nutrition-related behavior | |||||||||||
Drinking alcohol * | 24 | 1.43 | 1 | 5.00 | 1 | 4.17 | 1 | 0.82 | |||
Smoking | 19 | 1.13 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.82 | |||
Secondhand smoking | 426 | 25.43 | 4 | 20.00 | 8 | 33.33 | 42 | 34.43 | |||
Dieting ** | 49 | 2.93 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 4.17 | 1 | 0.82 | |||
Drinking coffee *** | 472 | 28.18 | 2 | 10.00 | 7 | 29.17 | 50 | 40.98 | |||
Eating junk food **** | 271 | 16.18 | 2 | 10.00 | 6 | 25.00 | 14 | 11.48 | |||
Total | 1675 | 100 | 20 | 1.19 | 24 | 1.43 | 122 | 7.28 |
Congenital Complications | Low Birth Weight | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Birth Defect/Disability | p-Value | Inherited Metabolic Disease | p-Value | p-Value | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Health/Nutrition-related Behavior * | |||||||||
Drinking alcohol | 11.24 | (1.07–117.86) | <0.0001 | 10.66 | (1.08–104.82) | 0.0145 | 1.07 | (0.13–9.14) | 0.9656 |
Smoking | n.a. | 1.25 | (0.03–56.53) | 0.3910 | |||||
Secondhand smoking | 1.04 | (0.32–3.45) | 0.4512 | 2.3 | (0.82–6.45) | 0.4982 | 1.62 | (1.01–2.62) | <0.0001 |
Dieting | n.a. | 2.16 | (0.23–20.23) | 0.1564 | 0.41 | (0.05–3.42) | 0.9078 | ||
Drinking coffee | 0.18 | (0.03–0.96) | <0.0001 | 0.69 | (0.23–2.02) | 0.1985 | 1.92 | (1.22–3.03) | 0.0543 |
Eating junk food | 0.47 | (0.09–2.59) | <0.0001 | 1.47 | (0.47–4.54) | <0.0001 | 0.66 | (0.34–1.29) | 0.5655 |
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Oh, S.S.; Park, S.; You, Y.-A.; Jee, Y.; Ansari, A.; Kim, S.M.; Lee, G.; Kim, Y.J. Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee: Associated Congenital Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063140
Oh SS, Park S, You Y-A, Jee Y, Ansari A, Kim SM, Lee G, Kim YJ. Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee: Associated Congenital Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063140
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Sarah Soyeon, Sunwha Park, Young-Ah You, Yongho Jee, AbuZar Ansari, Soo Min Kim, Gain Lee, and Young Ju Kim. 2021. "Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee: Associated Congenital Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063140