Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Patient and Public Involvement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) Selection
2.5. DNA Isolation and Genotyping
2.6. Genetic Risk Score
2.7. Smoking Phenotypes
2.8. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)
2.9. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
2.10. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Population | χ2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HG (N = 412) n (%) | HR (N = 402) n (%) | ||||
Sex | Male | 186 (45.1) | 106 (26.4) | 28.699 | <0.0001 |
Female | 226 (54.9) | 296 (73.6) | |||
Age (years) | 20–29 | 70 (16.9) | 79 (19.3) | 9.187 | 0.102 |
30–39 | 76 (18.4) | 81 (19.8) | |||
40–49 | 117 (28.4) | 103 (25.1) | |||
50–59 | 91 (22.2) | 95 (23.2) | |||
≥60 | 58 (14.1) | 44 (10.8) | |||
Socioeconomic Status (SES) | Lower | 0 (0) | 21 (5.2) | 26.983 | <0.0001 |
Upper lower | 69 (16.7) | 106 (26.4) | |||
Lower middle | 175 (42.5) | 189 (47.0) | |||
Upper middle | 150 (36.4) | 86 (21.4) | |||
Upper | 18 (4.4) | 0 (0) | |||
Smoking Status | Smoker | 135 (32.8) | 262 (65.2) | 86.497 | <0.0001 |
Non-smoker | 277 (67.2) | 140 (34.8) |
SNPs | Gene | Genotype | HG (N = 412) | HR (N = 402) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM % | NSM % | SM % | NSM % | ||||
rs10490162-T | NRXN1 | C C | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.271 |
T C | 4.4 | 14.7 | 11.0 | 5.9 | |||
T T | 27.9 | 51.5 | 53.2 | 29.2 | |||
rs16969968-A | CHRNA5 | A A | 3.4 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 0.031 |
G A | 18.8 | 30.3 | 28.5 | 13.7 | |||
G G | 10.5 | 29.6 | 30.3 | 15.5 | |||
rs2036534-T | AGPHD1 | C C | 0.2 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 0.039 |
C T | 9.6 | 23.8 | 24.2 | 12.0 | |||
T T | 22.8 | 40.4 | 36.9 | 20.6 | |||
rs2235186-A | MAOA | A A | 7.1 | 11.3 | 15.0 | 7.4 | <0.0001 |
A G | 9.3 | 16.9 | 26.4 | 10.7 | |||
G G | 16.2 | 39.2 | 23.9 | 16.8 | |||
rs2673931-T | TRPC7 | C C | 5.2 | 8.8 | 13.2 | 7.1 | 0.121 |
C T | 16.2 | 31.9 | 33.0 | 18.5 | |||
T T | 11.3 | 26.5 | 19.0 | 9.1 | |||
rs4142041-G | CTNNA3 | A A | 13.4 | 21.8 | 28.1 | 15.1 | 0.300 |
A G | 15.6 | 36.1 | 28.8 | 15.8 | |||
G G | 4.2 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 4.3 | |||
rs578776-G | CHRNA3 | A A | 0.7 | 5.7 | 11.6 | 7.5 | <0.0001 |
G A | 13.9 | 25.4 | 30.2 | 12.9 | |||
G G | 18.4 | 35.8 | 23.2 | 14.7 | |||
rs6517442-C | KCNJ6 | C C | 3.7 | 4.9 | 6.3 | 5.1 | 0.008 |
T C | 10.5 | 31.1 | 32.2 | 14.5 | |||
T T | 18.6 | 31.3 | 26.6 | 15.2 |
A | |||||||
Hungarian Roma (n = 402) | Hungarian General (n = 412) | ||||||
β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
SES | −0.039 | 0.023–0.026 | 0.022 | −0.037 | 0.044–0.064 | 0.046 | |
GRS | −0.003 | −0.039–0.034 | 0.148 | 0.034 | −0.03–0097 | 0.302 | |
Sex | −0.026 | −0.124–0.236 | 0.609 | −0.236 | −0.588–0.116 | 0.198 | |
Age | −0.058 | −0.091–0.039 | 0.267 | 0.061 | −0.048–0.17 | 0.272 | |
BMI | −0.150 | −0.259–0.031 | 0.004 | −0.124 | −0.314–0.067 | 0.203 | |
B | |||||||
Hungarian Roma (n = 402) | Hungarian General (n = 412) | ||||||
β | 95% CI | p-Value | β | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
SES | −0.039 | 0.052–0.072 | 0.023 | −0.010 | 0.059–0.069 | 0.049 | |
wGRS | −0.163 | −0.203–0.088 | 0.095 | 0.065 | −0.040–0.171 | 0.157 | |
Sex | −0.026 | −0.203–0.631 | 0.355 | −0.263 | −0.064–0.077 | 0.129 | |
Age | −0.058 | −0.229–0.068 | 0.288 | 0.072 | −0.046–0.190 | 0.231 | |
BMI | −0.150 | −0.441–−0.081 | 0.004 | −0.150 | −0.346–0.046 | 0.134 |
Smoking Behaviours | Model V | Model VI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Former Smoker | GRSs | 1.033 | 0.702–1.521 | 0.870 | 1.011 | 0.762–1.520 | 0.675 |
SES = upper lower | 1.005 | 1.000–1.088 | <0.001 | 1.335 | 1.296–1.951 | <0.001 | |
SES = lower middle | 1.059 | 1.042–1.221 | <0.001 | 1.482 | 1.045–1.700 | <0.001 | |
SES = upper middle | 1.357 | 1.350–1.753 | <0.001 | 1.561 | 1.451–1. 601 | <0.001 | |
Age | 1.274 | 0.887–1.83 | 0.190 | 1.275 | 0.885–1.826 | 0.194 | |
BMI | 0.847 | 0.535–1.342 | 0.480 | 0.847 | 0.534–1.341 | 0.477 | |
[Sex = Male] | 0.538 | 0.173–1.677 | 0.285 | 0.539 | 0.173–1.677 | 0.285 | |
[Population = HG] | 0.287 | 0.091–1.403 | 0.014 | 0.285 | 0.272–1.265 | 0.015 | |
Moderate Smoker | GRSs | 1.027 | 0.865–1.218 | 0.764 | 1.025 | 0.817–1.106 | 0.514 |
SES = upper lower | 1.991 | 1.885–2.557 | <0.001 | 1.274 | 1.111–1.278 | <0.001 | |
SES = lower middle | 1.253 | 1.152–1.778 | <0.001 | 1.095 | 1.091–1.619 | <0.001 | |
SES = upper middle | 0.385 | 0.285–0.850 | <0.001 | 0.625 | 0.625–0.962 | <0.001 | |
Age | 1.063 | 0.904–1.250 | 0.457 | 0.904 | 0.907–1.254 | 0.436 | |
BMI | 0.746 | 0.604–0.922 | 0.007 | 0.604 | 0.604–0.921 | 0.006 | |
[Sex = Male] | 0.853 | 0.543–1.340 | 0.490 | 0.854 | 0.543–1.342 | 0.493 | |
[Population = HG] | 0.383 | 0.292–4.023 | <0.001 | 0.543 | 0.236–4.130 | <0.001 | |
Heavy Smoker | GRSs | 1.027 | 0.88–1.199 | 0.737 | 1.045 | 0.911–1.199 | 0.527 |
SES = upper lower | 1.979 | 1.155–2.177 | <0.001 | 1.662 | 1.228–1.688 | <0.001 | |
SES = lower middle | 1.113 | 1.098–1.855 | <0.001 | 1.892 | 1.706–1.905 | <0.001 | |
SES = upper middle | 0.885 | 0.655–1.022 | <0.001 | 0.976 | 0.679–0.987 | <0.001 | |
Age | 0.983 | 0.85–1.1370 | 0.816 | 0.981 | 0.85–1.1370 | 0.818 | |
BMI | 0.734 | 0.609–0.884 | 0.001 | 0.733 | 0.608–0.883 | 0.001 | |
[Sex = Male] | 1.622 | 1.097–2.400 | 0.015 | 1.623 | 1.095–2.397 | 0.016 | |
[Population = HG] | 0.151 | 0.109–4.996 | <0.001 | 0.151 | 0.109–4.934 | <0.001 |
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Merzah, M.; Kósa, Z.; Sándor, J.; Natae, S.; Pikó, P.; Ádány, R.; Fiatal, S. Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063206
Merzah M, Kósa Z, Sándor J, Natae S, Pikó P, Ádány R, Fiatal S. Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063206
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerzah, Mohammed, Zsigmond Kósa, János Sándor, Shewaye Natae, Péter Pikó, Róza Ádány, and Szilvia Fiatal. 2021. "Roma Socioeconomic Status Has a Higher Impact on Smoking Behaviour than Genetic Susceptibility" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063206