The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant
2.2. Study Variables and Instruments
2.2.1. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.2.2. Demographic Variables
2.2.3. Body Image Perception
2.2.4. Anthropometric Variables
2.2.5. Physical Activity Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Participants
3.2. Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Sample (n = 151) N (%) or Mean ± DS |
---|---|
General Information | |
Age | 7.77 ± 1.42 |
Gender (male) | n = 83 (54.2%) |
Mother’s education | |
Low | n = 21 (16.2%) |
Medium | n = 60 (46.2%) |
High | n = 49 (37.7%) |
Father’s education | |
Low | n = 26 (20.3%) |
Medium | n = 71 (55.5%) |
High | n = 31 (24.2%) |
Mother’s BMI | 22.68 ± 3.15 |
Father’s BMI | 26.52 ± 3.59 |
Anthropometric measures | |
BMI | 17.74 ± 2.72 |
Normal-weight | n = 102 (67.5%) |
Over-weight | n = 33 (21.9%) |
Obese | n = 16(10.6%) |
%F | 16.83 ± 4.98 |
WtHR | 0.46 ± 0.04 |
Non at risk | n = 125 (83.9%) |
At risk | n = 24 (16.9%) |
Body Image | |
Under | n = 44 (34.4%) |
Correct | n = 74 (57.8) |
Overestimation | n = 8 (7.8%) |
Physical Activity Outcome | |
Daily MVPA | |
Meet the recommended level | n = 57 (38.3%) |
Not meet the recommended level | n = 92 (61.7%) |
Weekly MVPA | 328.14 ± 127.22 |
Weekly Light PA | 1661.54 ± 388.77 |
Weekly Moderate PA | 214.31 ± 78.00 |
Weekly Vigorous PA | 113.82 ± 58.33 |
Weekly Sedentary time | 6655.44 ± 489.08 |
Weekly Total Steps | 54,557.73 ± 16,681.01 |
HRQoL Children | |
PedsQl Children Total score | 72.02 ± 13.28 |
PedsQl Physical Health | 74.25 ± 13.83 |
PedsQl Psychosocial Health | 70.79 ± 15.87 |
PedsQl Emotional Functioning | 67.26 ± 21.19 |
PedsQl Social Functioning | 74.97 ± 18.71 |
PedsQl School Functioning | 70.18 ± 19.09 |
HRQoL Parent proxy-reports | |
PedsQl Total score | 79.19 ± 10.86 |
PedsQl Physical Health | 82.73 ± 13.29 |
PedsQl Psychosocial Health | 77.25 ± 11.87 |
PedsQl Emotional Functioning | 72.96 ± 13.47 |
PedsQl Social Functioning | 81.42 ± 15.15 |
PedsQl School Functioning | 77.29 ± 16.26 |
HRQoL Adult self-reports | |
PedsQl Total score | 77.92 ± 9.88 |
PedsQl Physical Health | 77.77 ± 12.55 |
PedsQl Psychosocial Health | 77.97 ± 10.68 |
PedsQl Emotional Functioning | 66.86 ± 15.57 |
PedsQl Social Functioning | 85.71 ± 12.30 |
PedsQl Work Functioning | 81.33 ± 11.45 |
Total Score (n = 109) Reg. Coeff. (95% CI) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|
Gender | −3.26 (−8.46; 1.94) | 0.22 |
Age | 0.38(−1.47; 2.4) | 0.68 |
BMI | 0.35 (−0.58; 1.28) | 0.46 |
Mother’s BMI | −0.54 (−1.24; 0.15) | 0.123 |
Sedentary a | 0.03 (0.00; 0.57) | 0.04 * |
Light PA a | 0.03 (0.00; 0.05) | 0.09 |
Moderate PA a | 0.075 (−0.01; 0.14) | 0.03 * |
Total Parent proxy-reports | 0.17 (−0.03; 0.38) | 0.10 |
Body image | 3.51 (−0.44; 7.46) | 0.08 |
(A) | ||
---|---|---|
Physical Health (n = 114) Reg. Coeff. (95% CI) | p-Value * | |
Gender | −1.90 (−6.70; 2.89) | 0.43 |
Age | −1.62 (−3.46; 0.22) | 0.08 |
BMI | 0.43 (−0.54; 1.39) | 0.38 |
Mother’s BMI | −0.91 (−1.68; −0.15) | 0.02 * |
Physical health from the adult self-reports | −0.16 (−0.36; 0.03) | 0.1 |
(B) | ||
Psychosocial Health (n = 115) Reg. Coeff. (95% CI) | p-Value * | |
Gender | −0.24 (−6.20; 5.72) | 0.9 |
Age | 1.87 (−0.27; 4.01) | 0.09 |
BMI | −0.84 (−2.33; 0.66) | 0.27 |
Sedentary a | 0.03 (−0.01; 0.06) | 0.10 |
Moderate PA a | 0.06 (−0.02; 0.13) | 0.14 |
Light PA a | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.06) | 0.17 |
Psychosocial health parent proxy-reports | 0.40 (0.18; 0.61) | 0.00 * |
Body image perception | 3.60 (−0.89; 8.18) | 0.12 |
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Masini, A.; Gori, D.; Marini, S.; Lanari, M.; Scrimaglia, S.; Esposito, F.; Campa, F.; Grigoletto, A.; Ceciliani, A.; Toselli, S.; et al. The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063251
Masini A, Gori D, Marini S, Lanari M, Scrimaglia S, Esposito F, Campa F, Grigoletto A, Ceciliani A, Toselli S, et al. The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063251
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasini, Alice, Davide Gori, Sofia Marini, Marcello Lanari, Susan Scrimaglia, Francesco Esposito, Francesco Campa, Alessia Grigoletto, Andrea Ceciliani, Stefania Toselli, and et al. 2021. "The Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063251