Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Greenspace Measure
2.2.2. Gentrification Measure
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.3.1. Overview
2.3.2. Preliminary Analyses
2.3.3. Main Analyses
2.3.4. Adjustment for Population Density
2.3.5. Effect Measure Modification
2.4. Sensitivity Analyses
2.5. Reporting
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Preliminary Analyses: Associations between Percentage Greenspace and Any Gentrification (Categorical)
3.3. Spatial Lag Models of Association between Greenspace and Sociodemographic or Housing Cost Changes
3.4. Heterogeneity
3.5. Effect Measure Modification by Racial/Ethnic Composition
3.6. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|
1990–2000 | 2000–2010 | |
Total gentrifiable census tracts | 27,178 | 27,220 |
Median household income (USD) | 2188.07 (10654.28) | −1826.69 (12344.70) |
% living in poverty | 0.00 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.08) |
Median home value (USD) | 27,092.31 (57,844.46) | 107,330.20 (113,345.34) |
Median household rent (USD) | 18.43 (145.16) | 110.92 (199.20) |
% working professional jobs | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.09) |
% bachelor’s degree | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.08) |
% Non Hispanic white | −0.10 (0.11) | −0.07 (0.10) |
% Non Hispanic Black | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.07) |
% Hispanic | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.08) |
≤50 Percentile | >50th–75th Percentiles | >75th Percentile | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |||||
LL | UL | I2 | LL | UL | I2 | ||||
Any gentrification, 1990–2000 | |||||||||
Unadjusted | Ref | 1.19 | 1.08 | 1.32 | 79.62 | 1.69 | 1.45 | 1.97 | 93.48 |
Adjusted for population density | Ref | 1.01 | 0.93 | 1.09 | 49.84 | 1.23 | 1.06 | 1.42 | 78.70 |
Any gentrification, 2000–2010 | |||||||||
Unadjusted | Ref. | Ref. | 1.23 | 1.13 | 1.34 | 83.95 | |||
Adjusted for population density | Ref. | Ref. | 0.97 | 0.90 | 1.04 | 41.25 |
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Schinasi, L.H.; Cole, H.V.S.; Hirsch, J.A.; Hamra, G.B.; Gullon, P.; Bayer, F.; Melly, S.J.; Neckerman, K.M.; Clougherty, J.E.; Lovasi, G.S. Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063315
Schinasi LH, Cole HVS, Hirsch JA, Hamra GB, Gullon P, Bayer F, Melly SJ, Neckerman KM, Clougherty JE, Lovasi GS. Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063315
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchinasi, Leah H., Helen V. S. Cole, Jana A. Hirsch, Ghassan B. Hamra, Pedro Gullon, Felicia Bayer, Steven J. Melly, Kathryn M. Neckerman, Jane E. Clougherty, and Gina S. Lovasi. 2021. "Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063315