High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Healthcare Workers in a North Italy Hospital
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (i)
- high risk: personnel in contact with patients diagnosed with COVID-19;
- (ii)
- medium risk: personnel in contact with patients without test for SARS-CoV-2 or waiting for the result of tests, and personnel that work in wards where the patients do not wear continuously the mask due to the need to undergo a particular medical procedure;
- (iii)
- low risk: the remaining personnel, including administrative staff.
- (i)
- high–intermediate intensity (high-flow oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure, high-flow nasal cannula, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation);
- (ii)
- low intensity (room air or low flow oxygen therapy);
- (iii)
- personnel in contact with outpatients;
- (iv)
- administrative personnel.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Vercelli | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | N = 1297 | OR * [95% CI] | OR ** [95% CI] |
Sex | |||
Male | 340 (26.21) | 1 | 1 |
Female | 957 (73.79) | 1.27 [0.92–1.76] | 1.25 [0.87–1.78] |
Age (years) | |||
<30 | 58 (4.47) | 1 | 1 |
30–39 | 174 (13.42) | 0.77 [0.39–1.54] | 0.85 [0.41–1.75] |
40–49 | 321 (24.75) | 0.79 [0.41–1.50] | 0.96 [0.49–1.87] |
50–59 | 567 (43.72) | 0.58 [0.31–1.08] | 0.84 [0.44–1.61] |
60+ | 177 (13.65) | 0.73 [0.37–1.46] | 1.24 [0.59–2.63] |
Job title | |||
Administrative staff | 146 (11.26) | 1 | 1 |
Nurses/physiotherapist | 468 (36.08) | 2.37 [1.31–4.30] | 1.22 [0.62–2.38] |
Physicians | 234 (18.04) | 2.06 [1.08–3.93] | 1.17 [0.57–2.41] |
Healthcare assistants | 341 (26.29) | 3.33 [1.83–6.08] | 2.03 [1.06–3.89] |
Other | 108 (8.33) | 1.29 [0.58–2.87] | 1.17 [0.52–2.65] |
COVID-19 exposure risk | |||
Low | 858 (66.15) | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 190 (14.65) | 1.67 [1.13–2.46] | - |
High | 249 (19.20) | 2.75 [1.99–3.81] | - |
Direct contact with patients | |||
No | 429 (33.08) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 868 (66.92) | 2.30 [1.65–3.21] | - |
Intensity of care | |||
Administrative | 411 (31.69) | 1 | 1 |
Contact with outpatients | 213 (16.42) | 1.29 [0.79–2.09] | 1.18 [0.71–1.99] |
Low intensity | 326 (25.13) | 3.75 [2.56–5.47] | 3.60 [2.30–5.62] |
High–intermediate intensity | 347 (26.75) | 1.74 [1.16–2.61] | 1.56 [0.99–2.45] |
Borgosesia | |||
Variable | N = 394 | OR [95% CI] | OR ** [95% CI] |
Sex | |||
Male | 79 (20.05) | 1 | 1 |
Female | 315 (79.95) | 1.22 [0.45–3.31] | - |
Age (years) | |||
<30 | 27 (6.85) | 1 | 1 |
30–39 | 59 (14.97) | 0.42 [0.10–1.82] | - |
40–49 | 96 (24.37) | 0.45 [0.12–1.68] | - |
50–59 | 167 (42.39) | 0.37 [0.11–1.26] | - |
60+ | 45 (11.42) | 0.56 [0.13–2.46] | - |
Job title | |||
Administrative staff | 29 (7.36) | 1 | 1 |
Nurses/physiotherapist | 168 (42.64) | 2.35 [0.30–18.67] | - |
Physicians | 59 (14.97) | 4.39 [0.52–36.94] | - |
Healthcare assistants | 121 (30.71) | 1.72 [0.20–14.55] | - |
Other | 17 (4.31) | 4.39 [0.52–36.94] | - |
COVID-19 exposure risk | |||
Low | 190 (48.22) | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 162 (41.12) | 1.78 [0.80–3.96] | - |
High | 42 (10.66) | 0.81 [0.17–3.82] | - |
Direct contact with patients | |||
No | 56 (14.21) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 338 (85.79) | 2.34 [0.54–10.14] | - |
Intensity of care | |||
Administrative | 50 (12.69) | 1 | 1 |
Contact with outpatients | 132 (33.50) | 1.97 [0.42–9.31] | - |
Low intensity | 109 (27.66) | 2.16 [0.45–10.39] | - |
High–intermediate intensity | 103 (26.14) | 2.02 [0.41–9.89] | - |
References
- Protezione Civile. Available online: http://opendatadpc.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/b0c68bce2cce478eaac82fe38d4138b1 (accessed on 23 November 2020).
- Lai, C.-C.; Wang, C.-Y.; Ko, W.-C.; Hsuehd, P.-R. In vitro diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019: Technologies and application. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galanis, P.; Vraka, I.; Fragkou, D.; Bilali, A.; Kaitelidou, D. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in health care workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hosp. Infect. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lai, C.; Wang, J.; Hsueh, P. Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: An up-to-date review. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 101, 314–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabbadini, L.L. Covid-19, the Results of the Seroprevalence Sruvey Illustrated. Available online: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/news/p3_2_1_1_1.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=5012 (accessed on 23 November 2020).
- Sotgiu, G.; Barassi, A.; Miozzo, M.; Saderi, L.; Piana, A.; Orfeo, N.; Colosio, C.; Felisati, G.; Davì, M.; Gerli, A.G.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 specific serological pattern in healthcare workers of an Italian COVID-19 forefront hospital. BMC Pulm. Med. 2020, 20, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plebani, M.; Padoan, A.; Fedeli, U.; Schievano, E.; Vecchiato, E.; Lippi, G.; Lo Cascio, G.; Porru, S.; Palù, G. SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey in health care workers of the Veneto Region. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2020, 58, 2107–2111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amendola, A.; Tanzi, E.; Folgori, L.; Barcellini, L.; Bianchi, S.; Gori, M.; Cammi, G.; Albani, E.; Zuccotti, G.V. Low seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers of the largest children hospital in Milan during the pandemic wave. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2020, 41, 1468–1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Calcagno, A.; Ghisetti, V.; Emanuele, T.; Trunfio, M.; Faraoni, S.; Boglione, L.; Burdino, E.; Audagnotto, S.; Lipani, F.; Nigra, M.; et al. Risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers, Turin, Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2021, 27, 7–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baracco, A.; Perotti, G.M.; Filippin, A.; Anesi, A.; Beccarini, V.; Raimondi, L.; Galvani, S.; Bosio, D.; Bergamaschi, E. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence in Health Care Workers of Lodi Hospital, the COVID-19 Italian Epicentre. Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3650227 (accessed on 13 July 2020).
- Chen, Y.; Tong, X.; Wang, J.; Huang, W.; Yin, S.; Huang, R.; Yinb, S.; Huang, R.; Yang, H.; Chene, Y.; et al. High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients. J. Infect. 2020, 81, 420–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pallett, S.J.C.; Rayment, M.; Patel, A.; Fitzgerald-Smith, S.A.M.; Denny, S.J.; Charani, E.; Mai, A.L.; Gilmour, K.C.; Hatcher, J.; Scott, C.; et al. Point-of-care serological assays for delayed SARS-CoV-2 case identification among health-care workers in the UK: A prospective multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020, 8, 885–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rudberg, A.S.; Havervall, S.; Månberg, A.; Jernbom Falk, A.; Aguilera, K.; Ng, H.; Gabrielsson, L.; Salomonsson, A.-C.; Hanke, L.; Murrell, B.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in healthcare workers in Sweden. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mesnil, M.; Joubel, K.; Yavchitz, A.; Miklaszewski, N.; Devys, J.M. Seroprevalence of SARS-Cov-2 in 646 professionals at the Rothschild Foundation Hospital (ProSeCoV study). Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hunter, E.; Price, D.A.; Murphy, E.; van der Loeff, I.S.; Baker, K.F.; Lendrem, D.; Lendrem, C.; Schmid, M.L.; Pareja-Cebrian, L.; Welch, A.; et al. First experience of COVID-19 screening of health-care workers in England. Lancet 2020, 395, e77–e78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bird, P.; Badhwar, V.; Fallon, K.; Kwok, K.O.; Tang, J.W. High SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in respiratory staff nurses and correlation of COVID-19 symptom patterns with PCR positivity and relative viral loads. J. Infect. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wax, R.S.; Christian, M.D. Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Can. J. Anesth. 2020, 67, 568–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grant, J.J.; Wilmore, S.M.S.; McCann, N.S.; Donnelly, O.; Lai, R.W.L.; Kinsella, M.J.; Rochford, H.L.; Patel, T.; Kelsey, M.C.; Andrews, J.A. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers at a London NHS Trust. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2021, 42, 212–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moscola, J.; Sembajwe, G.; Jarrett, M.; Farber, B.; Chang, T.; McGinn, T.; Davidson, K.W. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in health care personnel in the New York City area. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2020, 324, 893–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stubblefield, W.B.; Talbot, H.K.; Feldstein, L.R.; Tenforde, M.W.; Rasheed, M.A.U.; Mills, L.; Lester, S.N.; Freeman, B.; Thornburg, N.J.; Jones, I.D.; et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among frontline healthcare personnel during the first month of caring for patients with COVID-19—Nashville, Tennessee. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Serological Test | ||||
Variable | Total (N = 2250) | Negative (N = 1865) | Positive (N = 385) | Seroprevalence [95% CI] |
Sex | ||||
Female | 1636 (72.71) | 1347 (72.23) | 289 (75.06) | 17.67 [15.85–19.60] |
Male | 614 (27.29) | 518 (27.77) | 96 (24.94) | 15.64 [12.85–18.75] |
Age (years) | ||||
<30 | 249 (11.07) | 212 (11.37) | 37 (9.61) | 14.86 [10.68–19.90] |
30–39 | 333 (14.80) | 274 (14.69) | 59 (15.32) | 17.72 [13.77–22.25] |
40–49 | 504 (22.40) | 414 (22.20) | 90 (23.38) | 17.86 [14.61–21.49] |
50–59 | 842 (37.42) | 717 (38.45) | 125 (32.47) | 14.85 [12.51–17.43] |
60+ | 322 (14.31) | 248 (13.30) | 74 (19.22) | 22.98 [18.50–27.97] |
Serological Test | ||||
Total (N = 1749) | Negative (N = 1466) | Positive (N = 283) | Seroprevalence [95% CI] | |
Job title | ||||
Nurses/physiotherapist | 688 (39.34) | 579 (39.50) | 109 (38.52) | 15.84 [13.11–18.57] |
Physicians | 296 (16.92) | 246 (16.78) | 50 (17.67) | 16.89 [12.62–21.16] |
Healthcare assistants | 465 (25.69) | 369 (25.17) | 96 (33.92) | 20.65 [16.97–24.32] |
Administrative staff | 175 (10.01) | 160 (10.91) | 15 (5.30) | 8.57 [4.42–12.72] |
Technical staff | 118 (6.75) | 106 (7.23) | 12 (4.24) | 10.17 [4.72–15.62] |
Other | 7 (0.40) | 6 (0.41) | 1 (0.35) | 14.29 [0.4–57.87] |
COVID-19 exposure risk | ||||
Low | 1005 (63.18) | 964 (65.76) | 141 (49.82) | 12.76 [10.79–14.73] |
Medium | 353 (20.18) | 294 (20.05) | 59 (20.85) | 16.71 [12.82–20.61] |
High | 291 (16.64) | 208 (14.19) | 83 (29.33) | 28.52 [23.33–33.71] |
Direct contact with patients | ||||
No | 488 (27.90) | 436 (29.74) | 52 (18.37) | 10.66 [7.92–13.39] |
Yes | 1261 (72.10) | 1030 (70.26) | 231 (81.63) | 18.32 [16.18–20.45] |
Unit wards | ||||
Vercelli—ward | 587 (33.56) | 434 (29.60) | 153 (54.06) | 26.06 [22.51–29.62] |
Vercelli—outpatient facility | 214 (12.24) | 185 (12.62) | 29 (10.25) | 13.55 [8.97–18.14] |
Vercelli—laboratories | 111 (6.35) | 88 (6.00) | 23 (8.13) | 20.72 [13.18–28.26] |
Vercelli—administrative | 385 (22.01) | 338 (23.06) | 47 (16.61) | 12.21 [8.94–15.48] |
Borgosesia—ward | 230 (13.15) | 208 (14.19) | 22 (7.77) | 9.57 [5.76–13.37] |
Borgosesia—outpatient facility | 80 (4.57) | 77 (5.25) | 3 (1.06) | 3.75 [0–7.91] |
Borgosesia—laboratories | 41 (2.34) | 39 (2.66) | 2 (0.71) | 4.88 [0–11.47] |
Borgosesia—administrative | 43 (2.46) | 41 (2.80) | 2 (0.71) | 4.65 [0–10.95] |
Territorial services | 58 (3.32) | 56 (3.82) | 2 (0.71) | 3.45 [0–8.14] |
Intensity of Care | ||||
Administrative personnel | 464 (26.53) | 414 (28.24) | 50 (17.67) | 10.78 [7.95–13.60] |
Contact with outpatients | 400 (22.87) | 357 (24.35) | 43 (15.19) | 10.75 [7.71–13.79] |
Low intensity | 450 (25.73) | 377 (25.72) | 73 (25.80) | 16.22 [12.82–19.63] |
High–intermediate intensity | 435 (24.87) | 318 (21.69) | 117 (41.34) | 26.90 [22.73–31.06] |
Serological Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Total (N = 758) | Negative (N = 530) | Positive (N = 228) | p-Values |
NP swab | ||||
Negative | 647 (85.36) | 521 (98.30) | 126 (55.26) | <0.0001 |
Positive | 111 (14.64) | 9 (1.70) | 102 (44.74) | |
Time from NS to ST | ||||
Median [IQR], days | 34.46 [18.45–49.35] | 29.63 [16.37–45.38] | 44.36 [30.38–56.42] | <0.0001 |
Variable | OR * [95% CI] | OR ** [95% CI] |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.19 [0.87–1.61] | 1.29 [0.92–1.80] |
Age (years) | ||
<30 | 1 | 1 |
30–39 | 0.74 [0.40–1.36] | 0.71 [0.37–1.35] |
40–49 | 0.76 [0.43–1.33] | 0.83 [0.45–1.50] |
50–59 | 0.57 [0.33–0.98] # | 0.71 [0.40–1.27] |
60+ | 0.75 [0.41–1.39] | 1.06 [0.54–2.08] |
Job title | ||
Administrative staff | 1 | 1 |
Nurses/physiotherapist | 2.01 [1.14–3.54] # | 1.28 [0.68–2.42] |
Physicians | 2.17 [1.18–3.99] # | 1.36 [0.68–2.68] |
Healthcare assistants | 2.78 [1.56–4.93] # | 1.93 [1.03–3.62] # |
Other | 1.24 [0.57–2.71] | 1.11 [0.50–2.48] |
COVID-19 exposure risk | ||
Low | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 1.38 [0.99–1.91] | 1.63 [1.07–2.47] # |
High | 2.73 [2.00–3.72] # | 1.07 [0.65–1.76] |
Direct contact with patients | ||
No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.88 [1.36–2.59] # | - |
Hospital | ||
Territorial services | 1 | 1 |
Vercelli | 6.75 [1.64–27.85] # | 4.80 [1.12–20.53] # |
Borgosesia | 2.22 [0.52–9.58] | 1.19 [0.26–5.34] |
Intensity of care | ||
Administrative | 1 | 1 |
Contact with outpatients | 1.00 [0.65–1.54] | 1.26 [0.78–2.03] |
Low intensity | 3.05 [2.12–4.38] # | 2.99 [1.71–5.24] # |
High–intermediate intensity | 1.60 [1.09–2.36] # | 1.19 [0.73–1.95] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Airoldi, C.; Patrucco, F.; Milano, F.; Alessi, D.; Sarro, A.; Rossi, M.A.; Cena, T.; Borrè, S.; Faggiano, F. High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Healthcare Workers in a North Italy Hospital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073343
Airoldi C, Patrucco F, Milano F, Alessi D, Sarro A, Rossi MA, Cena T, Borrè S, Faggiano F. High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Healthcare Workers in a North Italy Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073343
Chicago/Turabian StyleAiroldi, Chiara, Filippo Patrucco, Fulvia Milano, Daniela Alessi, Andrea Sarro, Maicol Andrea Rossi, Tiziana Cena, Silvio Borrè, and Fabrizio Faggiano. 2021. "High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Healthcare Workers in a North Italy Hospital" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073343
APA StyleAiroldi, C., Patrucco, F., Milano, F., Alessi, D., Sarro, A., Rossi, M. A., Cena, T., Borrè, S., & Faggiano, F. (2021). High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Healthcare Workers in a North Italy Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073343