Older Adults Who Spend More Time Outdoors in Summer and Have Higher Dietary Vitamin D Than Younger Adults Can Present at Least as High Vitamin D Status: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Vitamin D Production/Intake
1.2. Population Sunlight Exposure Behaviours and Vitamin D Status
1.3. Dietary Sources of Vitamin D
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Volunteers
2.2. Skin Type Assessment
2.3. Lifestyle Questionnaires
2.4. Vitamin D Diet Diaries
2.5. Circulating Vitamin D Analysis
2.6. Statistical Software
3. Results
3.1. Volunteers
3.2. Occupation
3.3. Time Spent Outdoors in the UK
3.4. Holiday Behaviour
3.5. Holiday Clothing Choices
3.6. Sunscreen Use
3.7. Sunbed Use
3.8. Dietary Vitamin D Intake
3.9. Vitamin D Supplements
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food | Vitamin D (μg/100 g) |
---|---|
Eel | 25.6 |
Herring | 15.4 |
Salmon | 12.4 |
Egg yolk (egg) | 7.8 (2.8) |
Tuna | 7.2 |
Cod | 7.0 |
Milk, fortified | 1.3–2.0 |
Beef liver | 0.8 |
Cheddar cheese | 0.3–0.6 |
Butter | 0.3–1.5 |
Milk, whole, unfortified | 0.1 |
Hours Outdoors—Available Answers | Score |
---|---|
30 min or less | 1 |
>30 min to <1 h | 2 |
1 h to <3 h | 3 |
3 h to <5 h | 4 |
5 h to <7 h | 5 |
7 h to <9 h | 6 |
9 h or more | 7 |
Group | Young (18–40 Years Old) | Older (65–89 Years Old) |
---|---|---|
Participants, n | 13 | 11 |
Gender: male, n (%) | 7 (54) | 6 (55) |
Gender: female, n (%) | 6 (46) | 5 (45) |
Mean 25(OH)D [nmol/L] (±SD) | 43.2 (21.1) | 56.9 (24.9) |
Mean BMI [kg/m2] (±SD) | 27.1 (4.6) | 27.1 (5.4) |
Skin type I, II, III | 3, 3, 7 | 2, 2, 7 |
Mean age (±SD) | 30.1 (6.2) | 70.8 (4.6) |
Employed, n (%) | 11 (85) | 2 (18) |
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Borecka, O.; Farrar, M.D.; Osman, J.E.; Rhodes, L.E.; Webb, A.R. Older Adults Who Spend More Time Outdoors in Summer and Have Higher Dietary Vitamin D Than Younger Adults Can Present at Least as High Vitamin D Status: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073364
Borecka O, Farrar MD, Osman JE, Rhodes LE, Webb AR. Older Adults Who Spend More Time Outdoors in Summer and Have Higher Dietary Vitamin D Than Younger Adults Can Present at Least as High Vitamin D Status: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073364
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorecka, Oktawia, Mark D. Farrar, Joanne E. Osman, Lesley E. Rhodes, and Ann R. Webb. 2021. "Older Adults Who Spend More Time Outdoors in Summer and Have Higher Dietary Vitamin D Than Younger Adults Can Present at Least as High Vitamin D Status: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073364