Synthesis and Characterization of Na-Zeolites from Textile Waste Ash and Its Application for Removal of Lead (Pb) from Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pretreatment and Physicochemical Properties of RFA
2.2. NaOH-Activated Synthesis of Na-Zeolites
2.3. Characterization of RFA and Na-Zeolites
2.4. Sorption of Toxic Metal (Pb-II) from Wastewater
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of RFA and Na-Zeolites
3.2. Development Process and Crystal Growth Mechanism of Na-Zeolites
3.3. Surface Chemistry and Functionality of RFA and Na-Zeolites
3.4. SEM Micrographs
3.5. XRD Analysis
3.6. Applications of Fly-Ash-Based Na-Zeolites for the Removal of Potentially Toxic Metals
3.6.1. Effect of pH on Removal Efficiency of Pb (II) by Na-Zeolites
3.6.2. Effect of Mass of Adsorbents on Removal Efficiency of Pb (II) by Na-Zeolites
3.6.3. Effect of Metal Concentration on Removal Efficiency of Pb (II) by Na-Zeolites
3.6.4. Effect of Time on Removal Efficiency of Pb (II) by Na-Zeolites
3.7. Adsorption Isotherms
3.8. Kinetics Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Treatment | pH | EC (ᶙS/cm) | LOI (%) | CEC (meq/100 g) | SG (25 °C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI H2O | N/A | 7.0 ± 0.2 b | 20 ± 1 a | N/A | 0 | 1.00 ± 0.12 a |
RFA | N/A | 6.5 ± 0.2 a | 110 ± 5 b | 2.2 ± 0.2 c | 78 ± 4 a | 2.06 ± 0.13 b |
HTZ | Hydrothermal | 12.5 ± 0.4 d | 148 ± 4 c | 1.2 ± 0.1 b | 150 ± 6 b | 2.71 ± 0.12 d |
FUZ | Alkaline Fusion | 11.1 ± 0.5 c | 210 ± 8 d | 0.01 ± 0.0 a | 440 ± 18 c | 2.22 ± 0.14 c |
FUHT | Fusion + Hydrothermal | 13.0 ± 0.4 d | 215 ± 6 d | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 435 ± 19 c | 2.27 ± 0.11 c |
Metallic Oxides | SiO2 | Al2O3 | TiO2 | Fe2O3 | Na2O | K2O | CaO | MgO | Others |
Composition (% wt) | 60 ± 3 f | 23 ± 3 e | 1.8 ± 0.1 a | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 b | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 2.6 ± 0.1 c | 0.8 ± 0.1 a | 5.0 ± 0.3 d |
Leached metals concentrations | |||||||||
Leached metals | Si | Al | Ti | Fe | Na | K | Ca | Mg | Pb |
Concentration (ppm) | 3.5 ± 0.2 c | 38 ± 1 g | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 b | 40 ± 2 f | 20 ± 1 e | 6.5 ± 0.3 d | 30 ± 2 f | 0.005 ± 0.0 a |
S. # | Fly-Ash-Based Na-Zeolites | Source of Fly Ash | Potentially Toxic Metals Removal Series |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ANA, PHI | Brazil | Pb2+ > Cu2+ ≈ Zn2+ ≥ Mn2+ |
2 | CAN | Canada | Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ |
3 | FAU | UK | Fe2+ > As5+ > Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Cr2+ |
4 | Na-P1 | Brazil | As5+ > Mn2+ > Fe2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ |
5 | Na-P1 | Spain | Fe2+ ≥ Cu2+ ≥ Pd2+ ≥ Cd2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+ > Sr2+ |
6 | Na-P1 | South Korea | Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ |
7 | Na-P1 | Netherland | Ba2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ ≈ Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ |
8 | SOD | India | Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ |
9 | Na-X | Thailand | Pb > Cu > Cd |
10 | Na-X, FAU | Japan | Pb > Cu > Cd > Ni |
Model | Parameters | RFA | HTZ | FUZ | FUHT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir Isotherm | Kl (L/mg) | 0.142 | 0.367 | 0.682 | 0.703 |
Qm (mg/g) | 34.3 | 107.6 | 179.7 | 173.8 | |
R2 | 0.916 | 0.962 | 0.963 | 0.968 | |
Freundlich Isotherm | Kf (L/mg) | 26.28 | 34.67 | 51.96 | 50.02 |
n | 2.264 | 2.757 | 3.278 | 4.862 | |
R2 | 0.948 | 0.982 | 0.983 | 0.991 |
Adsorbent | Pseudo First-Order Model | Pseudo Second-Order Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 (min−1) | Qe (mg/g) | R2 | K2 (g/mg.min) | Qe (mg/g) | R2 | |
RFA | 1.21 × 10−2 | 17.2 | 0.916 | 8.17 × 10−4 | 34.3 | 0.922 |
HTZ | 1.54 × 10−2 | 46.8 | 0.973 | 4.17 × 10−3 | 130 | 0.981 |
FUZ | 8.62 × 10−3 | 54.6 | 0.981 | 4.54 × 10−3 | 180 | 0.991 |
FUHT | 7.65 × 10−3 | 59.7 | 0.980 | 3.57 × 10−3 | 178 | 0.994 |
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Hussain, T.; Hussain, A.I.; Chatha, S.A.S.; Ali, A.; Rizwan, M.; Ali, S.; Ahamd, P.; Wijaya, L.; Alyemeni, M.N. Synthesis and Characterization of Na-Zeolites from Textile Waste Ash and Its Application for Removal of Lead (Pb) from Wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073373
Hussain T, Hussain AI, Chatha SAS, Ali A, Rizwan M, Ali S, Ahamd P, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN. Synthesis and Characterization of Na-Zeolites from Textile Waste Ash and Its Application for Removal of Lead (Pb) from Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073373
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Tabassum, Abdullah Ijaz Hussain, Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha, Adnan Ali, Muhammad Rizwan, Shafaqat Ali, Parvaiz Ahamd, Leonard Wijaya, and Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. 2021. "Synthesis and Characterization of Na-Zeolites from Textile Waste Ash and Its Application for Removal of Lead (Pb) from Wastewater" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073373